essay homelessness solution

American Homelessness, Its Causes and Solutions Essay

There should not be homeless people anywhere in the twenty-first century. However, the scenario is different across the world. Countries suffer different magnitudes of homelessness depending on their economic development levels. The worst-hit is the so-called third world. This may be more complicated by political upheavals. The problem still persists in the developed world.

The United States of America has a fair share of the homeless. Surveys that have been conducted government agencies such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, over a period of 30 years indicate that a good number of Americans are homeless. Although there is an improvement in percentages compared to the entire population, the statistics remain high (Quigley, Raphael, and Smolensky 1). Taking a comparison between Sweden and America based on the homeless numbers, the latter leads. Sweden has come up with strategies for tackling homelessness. There is strong welfare that caters to the needy and the less privileged. These are the people that are affected by homelessness and helping them could only mean fewer problems. Sweden has made the cost of owning homes affordable. The government has also been subsidizing housing for the poor who would otherwise remain on the streets. If Sweden being a small country could do it, then America ought to do better.

In America, homelessness is caused by many factors but the main ones are unavailability of affordable housing, poverty, and unemployment. The cost of owning a home in America is quite high (Quigley, Raphael, and Smolensky 1). This also has far reaching implications on the cost of renting houses. The poor cannot own homes or afford to rent hence they remain on the streets. Housing and poverty are inseparable. In the absence of poverty, the population would afford decent housing and avoid residing on the streets. The levels of unemployment have been sky rocketing for some time now. This was worsened by the slackened economic growth which was witnessed across America recently. The depression did not spare even the employed and many people were retrenched. This further compounded the problem of the homeless population.

The homeless in America could be categorized into three groups. The first one comprises of the veterans. The veterans are the people who for generations have not known any decent shelter. The majority of the veterans have become used to this kind of life and very few make efforts to change their situation (Rollinson and Pardeck 2). Of the total number of homeless, this group comprises a small percentage.

The second group is made up of youth who are normally unaccompanied. The majority of those in this group come from conventional homes. They are sent to the streets by a wide range of factors. The crucial one is rebellion to their parents which is partly attributed to adolescence crisis. They are therefore seen as the group which has come up due to effects of hardships in their homes and families. Drugs may also be blamed for making this group homeless (Garner and Ratschen 7). Drug abuse that is rampant in America causes the youth to leave their homes under influence or to seek the drugs altogether.

Children have always been the undisputable victims of circumstances and homelessness has not spared them either. They form a majority of the people living in the streets and other informal settlements. They are children of the street families where they were born and bred. Projections from the surveys indicate that the number of children becoming homeless increases every year. As a result, they form a majority of the imminent homeless. These are the people predicted to be homeless in the near future. Some of the children come from troubled homes that they opt to stay away from. Others are forced out by poverty and in pursuit of basic needs, they find themselves homeless. This makes them to miss important opportunities in life such as education. This can only mean that the future is dark for them.

The homeless people also affect the rest of the society. The government through the police force finds itself on the receiving end due to the prevalence of crime. Not all the homeless commit crime but a majority finds it to be the only means of making a living. Since these people cannot be ignored by policy makers, plans have to be made outside the national budget to accommodate them. The hopelessness associated with this population makes it vulnerable to committing crime.

To eradicate the above mentioned problems, I would recommend measures to be carried out in the form of an action plan. The most important step is for the government to tackle the issue of housing seriously. This could come in the form of subsidies to the poor to encourage them to buy houses. It is a high time that the government considered introducing mortgage for the poor. Low cost houses should be established across the country (Quigley, Raphael and Smolensky 4). The government should also come up with cheap convertible houses which could be assembled within a short time. These would come in handy when the homeless are identified across the country. By reducing or eliminating taxes on building materials, the construction industry would get a huge boost.

The second measure should target reduction of unemployment. As earlier noted, the unemployed cannot afford any form of housing. They are not capable of purchasing homes or renting decent houses. The responsibility of the government should be to create employment. This could be done through partnership with the private sector where investors are given incentives while starting businesses that are labor oriented. The government should also reduce the allocation of funds to foreign programs and create a reserve to cater for the unemployed. For those people who cannot work, the government should take the responsibility of housing them. Settlement schemes should be established in areas where the homeless are many. Through such schemes, this category of people would get housing unconditionally.

To deal with poverty, I recommend that the government creates programs aimed at raising the standards of living for the homeless (Rollinson and Pardeck 1). This could come in the form of free medical care and education. It should also create a fund for paying monthly assistance to the street parents. They could also be made to access soft loans for starting small businesses. Organizing these people into economic groups where they could pull resources together and further be boosted by the government to do business should be a priority.

Educating the street children should be done earnestly. Follow up mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that dropout rates for these children are lowered completely. Ensuring education for these people would be one way of ensuring that their future is secured.

Implementing the above detailed recommendations will be beneficial for the American government and people. The first reason for taking the action plan would be to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. As has already been observed, poverty takes a centre stage in rendering people homeless. By improving the economic conditions of the poor, they are elevated upwards. In the final analysis, the country will gear towards a classless society.

America being a super power should be at the front line in taking care of its citizens. It is a disturbing scenario whereby people are homeless and yet they are citizens of a country seen by other people as the heaven on earth. If Sweden has succeeded, then there is a lot that could be borrowed from there. Implementing the recommendations would make the country to regain its international recognition.

Security is very crucial for the smooth running of any country and it is greatly undermined by homelessness. As observed before in this paper, crime has some connection to lack of shelter. The streets become unsafe at night due to mugging and other criminal activities. Terrorism networks could also take advantage of these people by offering them rewards once they agree to aid in terror attacks. Violence that is rampant in America is accelerated by hopelessness among the homeless. This further affects issues pertaining to security.

If the action plan is fully implemented, the American society will experience a real change. Decent housing will replace the ghettos or informal settlements. Such areas will change from being security threats to become conventional residential estates. The dangers posed by the homeless will be eliminated totally. The streets will be secure and the police will be left free to tackle other issues. The society will be educated and the wastage in education due to dropping out will be reduced to minimum levels. An educated population will steer the country to greater heights of prosperity. The gap between the rich and the poor will reduce drastically while violence related to inequalities will be a thing of the past. All in all, the American society will assume its rightful position as an advocate of human rights.

Works Cited

Garner, Laura, and Elena Ratschen. “Tobacco Smoking, Associated Risk Behaviours, and Experience with Quitting: A Qualitative Study with Homeless Smokers Addicted to Drugs and Alcohol.” BMC Public Health 13.1 (2013): 31-46. Academic Search Premier . Web.

Quigley, John M., Steven Raphael, and Eugene Smolensky. “Homeless in America, Homeless In California.” Review of Economics & Statistics 83.1 (2001): 37-51. Business Source Complete . 2014. Web.

Rollinson, Paul A., and John T. Pardeck. Homelessness in Rural America: Policy and Practice / Paul A. Rollinson, John T. Pardeck. n.p.: New York : Haworth Press, c2006., 2006. Harvard Library Bibliographic Dataset . Web.

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Homelessness: Causes and Solutions

Introduction.

Contemporary social problems are not only a consequence of individual factors that do not depend on people, for instance, political fluctuations in the international arena but also the outcome of unreasonable and ineffective government practices. One of these issues is homelessness a phenomenon that is acutely felt in the modern United States. People who do not have a permanent place of residence and are forced to live on the street fall into the spectrum of the authorities’ attention, but a comprehensive solution to this problem, nevertheless, has not yet been found. As a result, concomitant issues are manifested in the community of those who have to survive in the absence of housing, for example, drug addiction and alcoholism. Addressing homelessness in America today is an important and responsible step to take. This problem should be resolved by influencing its causes and removing those constraints that impede the improvement of the situation. Educational programs and coping with the country’s opioid crisis are seen as potentially effective objectives to overcome homelessness, but creating affordable housing is the best solution to help people in need return to normal life.

Homelessness and Its Causes

The problem of homelessness is acutely felt where, along with rich housing and developed infrastructure, some people have to live on the street. There are several reasons for this contrast across the country. According to Hobbes, housing that low-income families could afford has become unaffordable over the years due to the constant price rise. Rufo notes that, in Los Angeles, since 2011, the number of homeless citizens has increased by 15%, and in some regions, this figure reaches 25%. The real estate market, as dynamic and adaptive industry, responds to demand. As a consequence, with the emergence of widespread interest from high-income citizens, it becomes unprofitable to sell affordable housing, which, in turn, leads to the inability of many people to pay their rent. Individual districts and neighborhoods are becoming elite, properties are being bought out to accumulate profits in the long term, and not everyone can withstand this competition. As a result, under the influence of the trend of gentrification, when urban areas are ennobled and become elite, several citizens cannot afford housing, which forces them to lead a wandering lifestyle.

The issue of homelessness concerns not only those who live on the street but also those who have a permanent place of residence. According to the study conducted by Glynn and Fox, in such metros as Los Angeles, New York, Washington, and Seattle, “there exists a strong relationship between housing costs and homelessness” (575). No one is immune from the fact that, in conditions of a constant rise in the price of living standards, paying for utilities may become unavailable. Despite policymakers’ attempts to create conditions in which citizens can count on employment and stable earnings, the proceeds may not be enough to pay for housing, and the measures taken are ineffective. Therefore, although democratic values ​​and freedoms are promoted, class inequality can be a significant driver of homelessness that can affect almost everyone.

At the same time, despite the aforementioned statistics, one can note that the problem of homelessness is less widespread than it is perceived to be and can be overcome with effective measures. For instance, as Hobbes argues, “between 2012 and 2018, the number of people living on the streets declined by 11 percent nationwide,” which indicates positive shifts. Moreover, Khurshid and Gadnis provide an example of blockchain technology as a tool to track non-residents and provide them with timely assistance, including healthcare services (e10654). As a result, one of the positions is that homelessness can be overcome through constant supervision and increased social responsibility.

Nevertheless, even while taking into account the national statistics and potential decisions to implement digital control methods, the real facts about homelessness in large cities indicate a much more difficult situation. Homeless people often suffer from alcohol and drug addiction, which complicates their socialization. Another critical constraint is the predisposition to mental illnesses that progress in homeless people and maybe the cause of their poor living conditions. According to Rufo, about three-quarters of the homeless have mental health problems and at least one form of substance addiction. These statistics mean that this is crucial to address the issue in question not only through surveillance. The authorities should take urgent measures aimed to help the homeless to get an opportunity to pay for affordable housing and receive qualified help in dealing with mental health problems.

Potential Solutions

To solve the problem under consideration, the choice of the best working methods is an important task that can be implemented at different levels. As an alternative method for overcoming homelessness in the United States, discussing the issue within the current educational program can be potentially valuable. In addition, overcoming the existing opioid crisis caused by active pharmaceutical companies is an urgent step. The analysis of these solutions may help identify the specifics of the target work in these areas.

The popularization of the problem of homelessness in the educational environment can be an effective solution to create an understanding of the issue in the young audience. In addition, this step may contribute to promoting the importance of helping those who find themselves in difficult life situations. Hallett et al. consider cooperation with homeless liaisons as a mechanism for involving students in targeted social work and participation in projects and programs dedicated to public awareness (90). Moreover, the discussion of the issue with primary school students is also seen as an efficient solution contributing to the popularization of the problem and the formation of social responsibility among young citizens. According to Kim, “over 25% of families experiencing homelessness have children” (820). This means that understanding peer problems can raise awareness of the challenges of homelessness among young pupils. As Cronley et al. state, promoting this knowledge in education can help educate future social workers and practitioners who will understand the range of difficulties and gaps and make efforts to address them (S16). Therefore, such initiatives can be seen as potentially viable solutions to address.

However, to provide a worthy resistance to the trend of homelessness, many years need to pass before children can grow up and help in fighting against this issue. In addition, modern curricula are coordinated at different levels, and the inclusion of additional subjects and courses in the learning process may not be approved by the Ministry of Education. As a result, the popularization of the problem among students has relevance as a factor in the dissemination of knowledge about homelessness, but from the standpoint of efficiency, few real outcomes can be achieved.

Coping with the Opioid Crisis

From the standpoint of efficiency, the fight against the opioid crisis is a more valuable solution to implement than popularizing the problem of homelessness in the educational process. Moreover, not only in the United States but also in other countries, people feel the relevance of this issue that has more severe implications on human health. According to Mendez, substance overdose is the most common cause of death in homeless people. Controlling the release and distribution of opioid-based drugs may help reduce the influence of pharmaceutical companies. In pursuit of profit, they supply the market with a wide range of hazardous substances, and Daniulaityte et al. compare the current situation with the epidemic (1785). Moreover, Boyajyan argues that “about 20 to 25% of the homeless population in the United States suffers from a severe mental illness,” and one of the reasons for this is drug addiction (8). Pharmaceutical companies need to be held accountable and restrict the distribution of readily available opioid-based drugs to ensure that they do not enter the market freely. This can be done through class action lawsuits, attracting the authorities’ attention, and other measures involving massive interference.

At the same time, even with potential constraints, a decision to curb the activities of pharmaceutical companies may not have the intended effect on homelessness. Many corporations are accountable to the government and contribute greatly to the treasury through tax payments. The loss of a significant market share is fraught with losses, which is unacceptable in conditions of economic competition. In terms of the impact on mental health, not all homeless people are ready to accept their problem, and even if the sale of opioid drugs is limited, many of these citizens will be able to find access to them in the illegal market. Moreover, as Boyajyan remarks, few people without a permanent place of residence can afford comprehensive and effective drug addiction treatment due to financial challenges (10). These restraints are objective reasons for finding a more effective solution to the problem of homelessness.

Creating Affordable Housing: The Best Solution

Creating affordable housing is a key objective that the authorities need to strive for to overcome the problem of homelessness and provide people in need with an opportunity to count on permanent residence. This decision can have different forms of implementation and should not be associated with colossal spending from the federal budget. For instance, Jackson et al. suggest paying attention to tiny homes that, despite their size, can be an alternative to housing lost due to financial hardship and debts (661). In modern metros, this is possible to realize such an idea, and today, there are examples of special camps in which formerly homeless people have a chance to count on a roof over their heads and minimal amenities. Olson notes that in Los Angeles, in 2019, more than $538 million was spent on solving the issue of homelessness, which, however, did not bring the desired result due to mainly legislative rather than practical solutions. Therefore, the construction of special residential complexes is one of the forms of the program aimed to create affordable housing.

The provision of assistance to the target population in the form of subsidies and vouchers should be expanded at the legislative level. According to Elder and King, today, the bulk of the funds goes to people with disabilities, veterans, older adults, and large families (402). Nonetheless, to address the problem of homelessness, more funds need to be channeled, taking into account individual cases. As Olson highlights, “homelessness is not an illness that can be cured, rather a symptom of gentrification, different physical and mental ailments, inefficiencies of governance, or sheer bad luck.” People who have lost their permanent place of residence for reasons beyond their control, for instance, the unfortunate coincidence of circumstances or fraudsters’ actions, have the right to count on the support of the state. Caring for the population involves not only the provision of healthcare, legal, and other services but also the protection of life. Therefore, subsidizing and providing housing choice vouchers are crucial initiatives to maintain a sustainable system of helping special cases, which, in turn, can support people with limited incomes in difficult life situations.

Leveraging the maximum available resources to reduce the cost of creating affordable housing is one of the opportunities to realize to combat homelessness successfully. Katz notes that gentrification causing people to lose their homes in large cities reflects economic hardships that citizens cannot overcome (2293). In this regard, the author proposes to use those resources that do not require great financial investments, for instance, to promote “scattered-site programs” and use already available land instead of full-scale construction (Katz 2293). As a result, homeless people can count on housing at significantly lower prices than those in the market, which have risen significantly due to gentrification.

Affordable housing programs can be challenged based on both economic and social constraints. For instance, Olson notes that in the media, homeless people are often portrayed as morally devastated people with persistent addictions and criminal inclinations. However, the lifestyle they lead is rarely voluntary, and the aforementioned reasons are the drivers of both behavioral and mental problems. Another potential counterargument is the fact that measures to create affordable housing are being taken regularly, and both legislative and practical activities are underway. However, according to Olson, in Los Angeles Country, about 45,000 people remain homeless, while in 2019, the figure was approximately 59,000. This means that, despite the authorities’ activities, the issue cannot be eliminated shortly. Therefore, the more actively affordable housing is built and offered, the higher the chances of overcoming homelessness and helping people in need.

To overcome such an acute social problem as homelessness, relevant solutions can be implemented, but the most effective of them is creating affordable housing. This measure aims to help homeless people with buying or renting housing through subsidies, vouchers, and engagement programs. The issue of homelessness is dangerous because almost no one is immune from it, and the trend of gentrification exacerbates the situation by creating a tense situation in the real estate market and affecting prices. Moreover, such severe factors as mental illnesses and alcohol and drug addictions are concomitant challenges. As alternative solutions, the discussion of the problem at the educational level and the fight against the opioid crisis may be proposed. However, both of them can be ineffective and do not have the desired effect on the situation. Despite various social or economic constraints, creating affordable housing is seen as the most meaningful solution to implement to help homeless people and address one of the most pressing urban problems.

Boyajyan, Karapet. The Painkiller Crisis: An Evaluation of the Effects of the Opioid Epidemic on the Homeless Population in the United States . 2019. MPA thesis.

Cronley, Courtney, et al. “Homelessness from a Holistic Paradigm: Bridging Gaps in Curriculum Through Supplemental Education Opportunities.” Journal of Social Work Education , vol. 56, no. 1, 2020, pp. S16-S27.

Daniulaityte, Raminta, et al. “Methamphetamine Use and Its Correlates Among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder in a Midwestern US City.” Substance Use & Misuse , vol. 55, no. 11, 2020, pp. 1781-1789.

Elder, Jen, and Ben King. “Housing and Homelessness as a Public Health Issue: Executive Summary of Policy Adopted by the American Public Health Association.” Medical Care , vol. 57, no. 6, 2019, pp. 401-405.

Glynn, Chris, and Emily B. Fox. “Dynamics of Homelessness in Urban America.” The Annals of Applied Statistics , vol. 13, no. 1, 2019, pp. 573-605.

Hallett, Ronald E., et al. Addressing Homelessness and Housing Insecurity in Higher Education: Strategies for Educational Leaders . Teachers College Press, 2019.

Hobbes, Michael. “Why America Can’t Solve Homelessness.” HuffPost , 2019. Web.

Jackson, April, et al. “Exploring Tiny Homes as an Affordable Housing Strategy to Ameliorate Homelessness: A Case Study of the Dwellings in Tallahassee, FL.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , vol. 17, no. 2, 2020, p. 661.

Katz, Mitchell H. “Homelessness – Challenges and Progress.” JAMA , vol. 318, no. 23, 2017, pp. 2293-2294.

Khurshid, Anjum, and Ashish Gadnis. “Using Blockchain to Create Transaction Identity for Persons Experiencing Homelessness in America: Policy Proposal.” JMIR Research Protocols , vol. 8, no. 3, 2019, p. e10654.

Kim, Jinhee. “Homelessness as Difficult Knowledge in Early Childhood Education.” Early Childhood Education Journal , vol. 48, no. 6, 2020, pp. 815-823.

Mendez, David. “Overdose Deaths Increase Among LA’s Unhoused as Opioid Use Spreads.” Spectrum News 1 , 2021. Web.

Olson, Olivia. “Crisis on the Streets: Homelessness in Los Angeles County.” University of Southern California , 2020. Web.

Rufo, Christopher. “Homelessness in America: An Overview.” The Heritage Foundation , 2021. Web.

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Homelessness in America: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

How it works

With over half a million Americans experiencing homelessness, it’s a significant problem in the United States of America that can be either temporary or long-term. A person is considered homeless if he or she lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence.

Homelessness does not discriminate. Anyone of any race, age, or background can become homeless. People become homeless or are currently homeless in various situations, but it’s mainly caused by the lack of jobs, the affordable housing crisis, and mental health.

The housing crisis contributes to the increase in homelessness in the United States. House prices have skyrocketed in many cities. Median sale prices have increased over 50% in a 10-year timeframe, and rent prices have increased 150% since 2010 (Munoz 1). For those who can afford their rent is considered cost burned. Meaning they spend over 30% of their income on rent and struggle to afford other living expenses.

Relief programs for rent provided by the government during the coronavirus pandemic were a temporary solution to a decade-long crisis (Munoz 1). Many government policies were put into place throughout history to give homeownership to American citizens and decrease the threat of homelessness. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed legislation creating the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to help build affordable housing for low-income families and approve the living conditions of inner cities.

Unfortunately, many public housing projects and building residences for the poor were neglected and underfunded. Those who couldn’t obtain housing through this act ended up homeless. Going into the 21st century, the housing market sales and prices increased as mortgage loans became easy to get, even for those with poor credit. A financial crisis that began in 2007 started to cripple the housing market, forcing many homeowners to fall behind on their mortgages.

Some individuals who lost their homes to banks became homeless. Federal and local governments tried to find solutions for the ‘chronically’ homeless—people who have been homeless multiple times for years and who struggle with disabling mental or physical conditions. Homeless shelters in towns and cities are a standard solution, but it’s temporary and often dangerous. In some downtown areas sleeping in public places and panhandling are banned as an attempt to curb homelessness, but it adds to the difficulty of already being homeless.

Gentrification is a part of the housing crisis and contributes to the increase in homelessness in the United States. Gentrification is a transformation process typically occurring in urban neighborhoods when higher-income people move in and displace existing lower-income residents. The arrival of wealthier people leads to new economic development and an increase in property values and rents, which often makes housing unaffordable for longtime residents(Gale Opposing Viewpoints).

For example, urban renewal projects rebirthed numerous cities in the 1980s and 1990s but pushed many lower-income tenants out of previously low-rent areas, adding to the already increasing rate of homelessness (Facts on File). The majority of residents in gentrified communities are part of low-income or minority families. Many are already cost-burned, so many can’t afford to move or stay and sustain the unrealistic rent increases. These circumstances often force them into homelessness until a solution is found.

A 2015 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development assessment stated that 564,708 people were homeless on a given night in the United States, and 45 percent had any mental illness (States News Service). The most common types of mental illness among people experiencing homelessness are depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders. Those who are mentally ill find themselves homeless because of a lack of low-income housing and the inability to keep a stable income due to cognitive and behavioral problems.

For example, a major effect of schizophrenia is psychotic mood swings which affect your day-to-day life. Housed families with mental illnesses can also become homeless. Mothers who experience postpartum depression during the first year after giving birth are at a higher risk for homelessness or factors leading to homelessness, such as evictions or frequent moves in the two to three years after the postpartum year (States News Service). Increased levels of alcohol and drug abuse are common due to the unhealthy combination of mental illness and homelessness.

Unemployment will always be a cause of homelessness because, without a stable income, the likelihood of a person ending up homeless is inevitably increased. A drastic cut in hours or wages, getting laid off from a job, or getting injured can lead to significant hardships for families and individuals. People who are working in lower-wage jobs are already cost-burned and are more likely to become homeless after losing a job. The decline of public assistance and a lack of stable income jobs contribute to the rise of poverty.

An economic recession can cause unemployment and contributes to the cause of homelessness. A recession is a temporary falling off of business activity (Teen Health and Wellness). Companies are faced with financial hardships and are forced to close or cut back. Many workers are affected by this decision and are often laid off. It may take months or even years to find similar work with similar pay, which makes it difficult to go back into the workforce to earn income.

Some companies can relocate laid-off workers to new jobs or help them learn new skills for a different type of work. It’s rare for companies to further assist employees after a business recession, so many laid-off workers have to independently find a solution. Many of these solutions are temporary, such as collecting unemployment benefits from the government or using money from their savings to support their family until a new job is found (Teen Health and Wellness).

For example, the financial disaster of 2008 weakened the U.S. economy, and many Americans lost their jobs. Since then, the economy has lagged, and many people still struggle to secure employment (Gale in Context). As stated before, it’s difficult finding well-paying jobs, and many end up taking lower-paying positions, sometimes with no benefit, as a last resort. Wages have not kept up with the cost of living, meaning many Americans have to decide what necessities, such as food and shelter, can be covered by their income.

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PapersOwl.com. (2023). Homelessness in America: Causes, Effects, and Solutions . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/homelessness-in-america-causes-effects-and-solutions/ [Accessed: 16-Nov-2024]

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Homelessness — Understanding and Addressing Homelessness

Understanding and Addressing Homelessness

• Categories: Homelessness

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Words: 440 |

Published: Sep 20, 2024

Words: 440 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Causes of homelessness, solutions to homelessness.

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