how to write a critical essay for university

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If you ever wondered about how to critique something, a book, a film, or maybe even a research hypothesis, then the answer for you is – to write a critical essay about it. This type of writing revolves around the deep evaluation of the material in front of you. So, in such papers, the goal isn’t to say whether you liked something or not, but rather to analyze it based on evidence and logic. Think of it as taking a step back and asking, “What is really going on here?” and “How did the creator make that happen?”

In a critical essay, you start with a central claim or thesis that makes an argument about the material you’re analyzing. From there, you’ll support your points using evidence, like specific quotes from a book or scenes from a movie. And unlike casual conversations, this type of writing avoids personal opinions or judgments like “I liked it” or “It was boring.” Instead, you’re focused on breaking down the details and exploring themes, techniques, or strategies used by the creator.

For example, rather than saying “Charlie was so lucky to find a Golden Ticket” after watching Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, a critical essay might explore how the film uses the contrast between wealth and morality to make a statement about society. 

Writing a Perfect Critical Essay: Here’s What to Do

Writing a critical essay doesn’t have to be overwhelming if you approach it with a solid plan. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of how you can structure your writing process to create a thoughtful, well-organized essay that impresses your readers (and earns you those high grades).

Choose and Fully Understand Your Topic

First things first—you need to select something to write about. This can be a movie, book, piece of music, or artwork. Just make sure it’s something you’re interested in and that you understand well. If your topic is assigned, spend time getting familiar with it. Watch the film or read the book a couple of times, and take notes on key themes, techniques, or elements that stand out. 

Gather Your Sources

You’ll need evidence to support your analysis, so gather relevant material. Use scholarly sources like journal articles, books, and credible websites to back up your claims. The trick here is not just collecting information but understanding it. As such, if you’re writing about a novel, find analyses that discuss the author’s themes or techniques, and use that to build your argument. And remember to always keep track of your sources for proper citations later!

Develop a Strong Thesis Statement

Once you’ve done your research, it’s time to craft your thesis statement. This is the central argument of your essay, and everything you write should connect back to it. For example, if you’re analyzing the use of imagery in Get Out , your thesis might argue how the recurring image of the teacup symbolizes the control and manipulation of Black bodies in the film, reinforcing themes of power and exploitation. Keep your thesis specific, focused, and arguable ad it will carry your entire essay.

Create an Outline

Before you start writing, create an outline to organize your ideas. A typical critical essay includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the body, each paragraph should focus on a different point that supports your thesis. For instance, one paragraph might discuss symbolism, another might analyze character development, and a third could cover narrative techniques. Outlining helps you see the flow of your writing and make sure that each point has enough evidence to back it up.

Write the Body Paragraphs First

With your outline in place, begin writing the body paragraphs. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that introduces the main point, followed by evidence (quotes, examples, or facts) to support it. After presenting the evidence, analyze it and explain how it ties into your thesis. If you’re analyzing a movie, for example, you might focus one paragraph on how the director uses camera angles to create tension in a scene. Stay focused and make sure everything ties back to your central argument.

Write the Conclusion

After finishing the body paragraphs, write the conclusion. This is where you sum up the key points of your essay and restate your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve presented. The conclusion should not introduce new information but instead reinforce your argument, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of your analysis. 

Write the Introduction Last

Now that you’ve got the bulk of the essay written, it’s time to finally build the introduction. Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention—a bold statement, an intriguing question, or a surprising fact can work well. Then, provide some background information to set the context for your analysis, and finish with your thesis statement that you have already created. Writing the introduction last allows you to make sure it aligns perfectly with the rest of your essay and clearly presents your argument.

Revise, Edit, and Proofread

You’ve got your first draft—congrats! Now, it’s time to bring it to perfection. Read through your essay a few times to improve clarity and flow. Check if all your points are well-supported and if your argument makes sense from start to finish. Edit for grammar, spelling, and style errors, and make sure all citations are correctly formatted. Taking this step seriously can make a huge difference in the overall quality of your essay (and in your grade as well).

Critical Essay Example: Proper Structure & Outline

Now, if you still feel kind of lost in all this information, don’t worry too much. Below you will find an example of what a well-organized critical essay can look like. Check it out to gain some inspiration and you will definitely be able to jump right into the writing process in no time at all.

How should I start a critical essay?

To start a critical essay, begin with an engaging introduction that grabs the reader’s attention. You can use a hook, such as an interesting fact, a bold statement, or even a thought-provoking question. After the hook, provide some background information on the topic you’re discussing to set the stage. Finally, end the introduction with a clear thesis statement outlining the main argument or point you’ll analyze. This thesis will guide your essay and tell readers what to expect from your analysis.

What is a critical essay and example?

A critical essay is a type of writing where you analyze and evaluate a piece of work, such as a book, film, painting, or even a theory. This type of writing is dedicated to exploring the deeper meanings, strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact of its subject. For example, if you’re writing a critical essay about The Great Gatsby, you wouldn’t just summarize the plot—you’d dive into how F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism and themes like the American Dream to convey larger messages.

What is the layout of a critical essay?

The layout of a critical essay usually follows a standard structure: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, you present the topic and your thesis. The body paragraphs are where you break down the main points of your analysis, using evidence to support your claims. The conclusion ties everything together, summarizing your key points and restating your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve discussed.

What are the parts of a critical essay?

A critical essay has three main parts: the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

• Introduction : This is where you introduce the work you’re analyzing and present your thesis.
• Body Paragraphs : These are the meat of your essay, where you break down your analysis into different points, using evidence and examples to support your arguments.
• Conclusion : Here, you wrap up your analysis, summarizing the main points and reinforcing how they support your thesis.

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How to write critically

This page will explore the key features of critical writing to help you to demonstrate your critical thinking abilities in your work.

What is Critical Writing? 

A paragraph or section of critical writing (sometimes called critical analysis) will demonstrate not only that you have read one or more sources, but also that you understand what the implications of the sources are for your own work.

Critical writing is likely to involve the following stages, organised within a single paragraph or across multiple paragraphs in a longer section of analysis:

• Describing the evidence: what does the source tell us? If you agree with it, use strong reporting language (Jones et al (2012) demonstrate, Jones et al (2012) identify ). If not, show your scepticism with weak reporting language (Jones et al (2012) argue, Jones et al (2012) claim)
• Identifying limitations or gaps: Is the research robust? What limitations have the authors themselves identified? Does other research help to fill in the gaps?
• Highlighting alternatives: Are there other possible interpretations? Does other research contradict the findings? Has there been a chronological development of the field (ie have views changed over time?)
• Synthesising sources to show your interpretation: Can you summarise your position based on the process you have followed above? What does this mean for your argument or hypothesis?

Download this Critical analysis framework template to help structure your analysis of multiple sources according to the stages above.

Access the Critical analysis framework (Google doc)

Description or Analysis?

You might read about the need to demonstrate critical thinking, writing or analysis in your academic feedback, but remain unsure as to how to make the change from description to critical analysis.

Some description is usually necessary to set the scene in each paragraph, but you need to make sure that you aren't just telling the story of other people's findings and theories.

Things that you could express in your writing include considering the questions below:

• Is this research or evidence credible?
• How could it be improved?
• Have other people made opposing claims?
• How does it relate to the other evidence in your argument?

Here are some examples illustrating the differences between descriptive and critical analytical writing:

Adapted from: Cottrell, S, (2008) The Study Skills Handbook, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, p286.

For advice and feedback on criticality in your own writing, book a writing advisory service appointment.

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Have a go at identifying how descriptive or critical you have been in your own writing. Have a look at the Descriptive or critical writing template and use it to explore an example of your work – have you found the right balance of description and critical analysis?

Legitimation Code Theory

How do you use sources critically in your work? Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) is a way to break down the process into stages of ‘unpacking’ and ‘repacking’ complex ideas and to think about it visually.

What is LCT?

LCT is a theory that can be applied to a wide range of academic situations and uses what is known as a semantic wave.

It represents the different stages of understanding and applying academic sources of information, as well as how you then apply these sources to your own academic work.

It is useful as a way to visualise the critical reading of a text, as well as for structuring essay paragraphs.

This involves reading an academic text, identifying the important points, and transferring these points into more accessible or familiar language. This encompasses the following:

• Description: How would you describe what you have read or are writing about to demonstrate that you understand?
• Evidence: What evidence or examples could be used in support of the description? This shows you understand the context.

By the end of the unpacking section, you should have reached the bottom of the semantic wave.

Leaving the source unpacked is not enough to demonstrate critical thinking. In order to follow the semantic wave, you will need to ‘repack’ the source to explain why what you have read is important to your thinking. 

This means putting the topic introduced during the unpacking stage into the context of your reading, essay or assignment. Doing so shows that you understand why including the points you have raised are important and relevant.

To complete the wave, think about concluding and drawing together all of the information you have explored, and summarising it so that it leads nicely onto the next piece of reading or essay paragraph.

Applying LCT in practice

When critical analysis is lacking in a piece of writing, its structure will often look like an incomplete wave. The sources have been described (unpacked) but have not been effectively analysed (repacked). Your aim as a critical writer is to provide a series of connected waves. It is easy to visualise how a lack of critical analysis means that the flow of your essay looks disjointed and incomplete.

LCT paragraph structure:

• Concept: Introduce the concept and main idea (also known as the controlling idea) being developed. This is also known as the topic sentence.
• Unpacking: Elaborate on the concept or context to unpack or explore the concept in a more specific way.
• Evidence and examples: Introduce some concrete examples to illustrate the (now unpacked) concept. This will typically be introduced with phrases like "findings demonstrate", for example.
• Repacking: What can be learnt or drawn out of the examples to shed further light on the concept? This repacking process demonstrates your interpretation or understanding of the concept.
• Rounding off: Summarise and draw together the points made about the controlling idea to create a complete message of what is discussed within the paragraph.

You can plan your work by identifying the different sections of the wave in each of your paragraphs using the LCT writing framework.

Access the LCT writing framework (google doc) For further information on Legitimation Code Theory please visit the LCT Centre, where you can find relevant resources and examples.

Access the LCT Centre resources (external link)

• How to think critically
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Being critical: a practical guide

• Critical writing
• Being critical
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• Evaluating information
• Reading academic articles
• Critical reading

This guide contains key resources to introduce you to the features of critical writing.

For more in-depth advice and guidance on critical writing , visit our specialist academic writing guides:

What is critical writing?

Academic writing requires criticality; it's not enough to just describe or summarise evidence, you also need to analyse and evaluate information and use it to build your own arguments. This is where you show your own thoughts based on the evidence available, so critical writing is really important for higher grades.

Explore the key features of critical writing and see it in practice in some examples:

Introduction to critical writing [Google Slides]

While we need criticality in our writing, it's definitely possible to go further than needed. We’re aiming for that Goldilocks ‘just right’ point between not critical enough and too critical. Find out more:

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Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising

Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising are different ways that you can use evidence from sources in your writing. As you move from one method to the next, you integrate the evidence further into your argument, showing increasing critical analysis.

Here's a quick introduction to the three methods and how to use them:

Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising: an introduction [YouTube video]  |  Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising [Google Doc]

Want to know more? Check out these resources for more examples of paraphrasing and using notes to synthesise information:

Using evidence to build critical arguments

Academic writing integrates evidence from sources to create your own critical arguments.

We're not looking for a list of summaries of individual sources; ideally, the important evidence should be integrated into a cohesive whole. What does the evidence mean altogether?  Of course, a critical argument also needs some critical analysis of this evidence. What does it all mean in terms of your argument?

These resources will help you explore ways to integrate evidence and build critical arguments:

Building a critical argument [YouTube] |  Building a critical argument [Google Doc]

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• Last Updated: Nov 14, 2024 4:37 PM
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Writing critically and structuring your essay - Academic Study Skills

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