features of qualitative research

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4.2 Definitions and Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research aims to uncover the meaning and understanding of phenomena that cannot be broken down into measurable elements. It is based on naturalistic, interpretative and humanistic notions. 5 This research method seeks to discover, explore, identify or describe subjective human experiences using non-statistical methods and develops themes from the study participants’ stories. 5 Figure 4.1 depicts major features/ characteristics of qualitative research. It utilises exploratory open-ended questions and observations to search for patterns of meaning in collected data (e.g. observation, verbal/written narrative data, photographs, etc.) and uses inductive thinking (from specific observations to more general rules) to interpret meaning. 6 Participants’ voice is evident through quotations and description of the work. 6 The context/ setting of the study and the researcher’s reflexivity (i.e. “reflection on and awareness of their bias”, the effect of the researcher’s experience on the data and interpretations) are very important and described as part of data collection. 6 Analysis of collected data is complex, often involves inductive data analysis (exploration, contrasts, specific to general) and requires multiple coding and development of themes from participant stories. 6

flow chart of characteristics of qualitative research

Reflexivity- avoiding bias/Role of the qualitative researcher

Qualitative researchers generally begin their work with the recognition that their position (or worldview) has a significant impact on the overall research process. 7 Researcher worldview shapes the way the research is conducted, i.e., how the questions are formulated, methods are chosen, data are collected and analysed, and results are reported. Therefore, it is essential for qualitative researchers to acknowledge, articulate, reflect on and clarify their own underlying biases and assumptions before embarking on any research project. 7 Reflexivity helps to ensure that the researcher’s own experiences, values, and beliefs do not unintentionally bias the data collection, analysis, and interpretation. 7 It is the gold standard for establishing trustworthiness and has been established as one of the ways qualitative researchers should ensure rigour and quality in their work. 8 The following questions in Table 4.1 may help you begin the reflective process. 9

Table 4.1: Questions to aid the reflection process

Philosophical underpinnings to qualitative research

Qualitative research uses an inductive approach and stems from interpretivism or constructivism and assumes that realities are multiple, socially constructed, and holistic. 10 According to this philosophical viewpoint, humans build reality through their interactions with the world around them. 10 As a result, qualitative research aims to comprehend how individuals make sense of their experiences and build meaning in their lives. 10 Because reality is complex/nuanced and context-bound, participants constantly construct it depending on their understanding. Thus, the interactions between the researcher and the participants are considered necessary to offer a rich description of the concept and provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. 11

An Introduction to Research Methods for Undergraduate Health Profession Students Copyright © 2023 by Faith Alele and Bunmi Malau-Aduli is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Home » Qualitative Research – Methods, Analysis Types and Guide

Qualitative Research – Methods, Analysis Types and Guide

Table of Contents

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that seeks to understand human experiences, behaviors, and interactions by exploring them in-depth. Unlike quantitative research, which focuses on numerical data, qualitative research delves into meanings, perceptions, and subjective experiences. It is widely used in fields such as sociology, psychology, education, healthcare, and business to uncover insights that are difficult to capture through numerical data.

This article explores the methods of qualitative research, types of qualitative analysis, and a comprehensive guide to conducting a qualitative study.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a non-numerical method of data collection and analysis that focuses on understanding phenomena from the perspective of participants. It prioritizes depth over breadth and aims to explore the “why” and “how” behind human behaviors and social phenomena.

For example, qualitative research might examine how individuals cope with chronic illness by conducting interviews to explore their experiences and emotions in detail.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Exploratory Nature: Focuses on exploring new areas of study or understanding complex phenomena.
Contextual Understanding: Emphasizes the importance of context in interpreting findings.
Subjectivity: Values participants’ perspectives and experiences as central to the research.
Flexibility: Allows for adjustments to research design based on emerging insights.
Rich Data: Produces detailed and nuanced descriptions rather than numerical summaries.

Methods of Qualitative Research

1. interviews.

Interviews involve one-on-one conversations between the researcher and participants to gather in-depth insights.

Types: Structured, semi-structured, or unstructured interviews.
Example: Interviewing teachers to understand their experiences with online education.

2. Focus Groups

Focus groups consist of facilitated discussions with small groups of participants to explore shared experiences or perspectives.

Example: Conducting a focus group with patients to understand their satisfaction with healthcare services.

3. Observation

Observation involves studying participants in their natural environment to capture behaviors, interactions, and contexts.

Types: Participant observation (researcher participates) and non-participant observation (researcher observes without involvement).
Example: Observing interactions in a classroom to understand teaching dynamics.

4. Case Studies

Case studies provide an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, event, or organization.

Example: Analyzing the impact of a leadership change within a specific company.

5. Ethnography

Ethnography focuses on studying cultural practices and social norms by immersing the researcher in the community.

Example: Exploring the cultural traditions of an indigenous group through prolonged fieldwork.

6. Document Analysis

Document analysis involves analyzing written or visual materials, such as reports, diaries, photographs, or social media posts.

Example: Reviewing company policies to understand workplace diversity practices.

7. Narrative Research

Narrative research examines personal stories and experiences to understand individual perspectives.

Example: Analyzing the life stories of refugees to explore their resilience and adaptation processes.

Types of Qualitative Data Analysis

1. thematic analysis.

Thematic analysis involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within qualitative data.

Steps: Familiarization, coding, theme identification, and interpretation.
Example: Analyzing interview transcripts to uncover themes related to work-life balance.

2. Content Analysis

Content analysis systematically categorizes textual or visual data to identify patterns and themes.

Example: Analyzing social media comments to explore public opinions on environmental policies.

3. Grounded Theory

Grounded theory focuses on developing a theory grounded in the data collected.

Steps: Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.
Example: Developing a theory about customer satisfaction based on retail feedback.

4. Narrative Analysis

Narrative analysis examines the structure and content of personal stories to uncover meaning.

Example: Analyzing interviews with survivors of natural disasters to understand coping strategies.

5. Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis explores how language is used in specific contexts to construct meaning and social realities.

Example: Analyzing political speeches to identify persuasive strategies.

6. Framework Analysis

Framework analysis uses a structured approach to analyze data within a thematic framework.

Example: Evaluating healthcare professionals’ experiences with new policies using predefined themes.

7. Phenomenological Analysis

Phenomenological analysis focuses on understanding the lived experiences of participants.

Example: Exploring the experiences of first-time parents to understand emotional transitions.

Guide to Conducting Qualitative Research

Step 1: define the research problem.

Clearly articulate the purpose of your study and the research questions you aim to address.

Example: “What are the experiences of remote workers during the COVID-19 pandemic?”

Step 2: Choose a Research Method

Select a method that aligns with your research objectives and the nature of the phenomenon.

Example: Conducting semi-structured interviews to gather personal insights.

Step 3: Identify Participants

Choose participants who can provide rich and relevant data for your study.

Example: Selecting remote workers from diverse industries to capture varied perspectives.

Step 4: Collect Data

Use the chosen method to gather detailed and context-rich data.

Example: Conducting interviews via video calls and recording responses for analysis.

Step 5: Analyze Data

Apply an appropriate qualitative analysis method to identify patterns, themes, or insights.

Example: Using thematic analysis to group common challenges faced by remote workers.

Step 6: Interpret Findings

Contextualize your findings within the existing literature and draw meaningful conclusions.

Example: Comparing your findings on remote work challenges with studies conducted pre-pandemic.

Step 7: Present Results

Communicate your results clearly, using direct quotes, narratives, or visualizations to support your findings.

Advantages of Qualitative Research

Rich Insights: Provides deep understanding of complex phenomena.
Flexibility: Adapts to the research context and emerging findings.
Contextual Detail: Captures the nuances of participants’ experiences and environments.
Exploratory Nature: Ideal for exploring new or poorly understood topics.

Challenges of Qualitative Research

Time-Intensive: Data collection and analysis can be lengthy processes.
Subjectivity: Risk of researcher bias influencing data interpretation.
Generalizability: Findings are context-specific and may not apply universally.
Data Management: Handling and analyzing large volumes of qualitative data can be challenging.

Applications of Qualitative Research

Healthcare: Understanding patient experiences with chronic illnesses.
Education: Exploring teacher perceptions of new classroom technologies.
Marketing: Investigating consumer attitudes toward a brand.
Social Work: Analyzing community responses to social programs.
Psychology: Examining coping mechanisms among individuals facing trauma.

Qualitative research is a powerful method for exploring the human experience and understanding complex social phenomena. By employing diverse methods such as interviews, focus groups, and ethnography, and using robust analytical techniques, qualitative researchers uncover rich, detailed insights that are essential for addressing real-world challenges. Although it requires careful planning, execution, and interpretation, qualitative research offers unparalleled depth and contextual understanding, making it indispensable across disciplines.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches . Sage Publications.
Flick, U. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research . Sage Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2017). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research . Sage Publications.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation . Jossey-Bass.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology.

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