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Charts and Graphs for Data Visualization

As companies and groups deal with more and more data, it’s crucial to present it visually. Data is everywhere these days, and it can be overwhelming.

This article is your guide to Data Visualization , which is turning all that data into pictures and charts that are easy to understand. Whether you work in business, marketing, or anything else, these charts can help you explain ideas, track how things are going, and make smart choices.

What is Data Visualization?

Data visualization is taking a bunch of numbers and information and turning it into pictures or any kind of charts that are easier to understand. It takes a big pile of information and sorts it into pictures (like bar charts, line graphs, or pie charts) that make it easier to understand or see patterns and trends. Here are some of the things data visualization can help you see:

  • How things are changing over time
  • How things compare to each other
  • Relationships between things

Different Types of Graphs for Data Visualization

Data can be a jumble of numbers and facts. Charts and graphs turn that jumble into pictures that make sense. 10 prime super useful chart types are:

Bar graphs are one of the most commonly used types of graphs for data visualization. They represent data using rectangular bars where the length of each bar corresponds to the value it represents. Bar graphs are effective for comparing data across different categories or groups.

Bar-Chart

Advantages of Bar Graphs

  • Highlighting Trends : Bar graphs are effective at highlighting trends and patterns in data, making it easy for viewers to identify relationships and comparisons between different categories or groups.
  • Customizations : Bar graphs can be easily customized to suit specific visualization needs, such as adjusting colors, labels, and styles to enhance clarity and aesthetics.
  • Space Efficiency : Bar graphs can efficiently represent large datasets in a compact space, allowing for the visualization of multiple variables or categories without overwhelming the viewer.

Disadvantages of Bar Graphs

  • Limited Details : Bar graphs may not provide detailed information about individual data points within each category, limiting the depth of analysis compared to other visualization methods.
  • Misleading Scaling : If the scale of the y-axis is manipulated or misrepresented, bar graphs can potentially distort the perception of data and lead to misinterpretation.
  • Overcrowding : When too many categories or variables are included in a single bar graph, it can become overcrowded and difficult to read, reducing its effectiveness in conveying clear insights.

Line Graphs

Line graphs are used to display data over time or continuous intervals. They consist of points connected by lines, with each point representing a specific value at a particular time or interval. Line graphs are useful for showing trends and patterns in data. Perfect for showing trends over time, like tracking website traffic or how something changes.

Line-Chart

Advantages of Line Graphs

  • Clarity : Line graphs provide a clear representation of trends and patterns over time or across continuous intervals.
  • Visual Appeal : The simplicity and elegance of line graphs make them visually appealing and easy to interpret.
  • Comparison : Line graphs allow for easy comparison of multiple data series on the same graph, enabling quick insights into relationships and trends.

Disadvantages of Line Graphs

  • Data Simplification: Line graphs may oversimplify complex data sets, potentially obscuring nuances or outliers.
  • Limited Representation : Line graphs are most effective for representing continuous data over time or intervals and may not be suitable for all types of data, such as categorical or discrete data.

Different Types of Charts for Data Visualization

Pie charts are circular graphs divided into sectors, where each sector represents a proportion of the whole. The size of each sector corresponds to the percentage or proportion of the total data it represents. Pie charts are effective for showing the composition of a whole and comparing different categories as parts of a whole.

Pie-Chart

Advantages of Pie Charts

  • Easy to create: Pie charts can be quickly generated using various software tools or even by hand, making them accessible for visualizing data without specialized knowledge or skills.
  • Visually appealing: The circular shape and vibrant colors of pie charts make them visually appealing, attracting the viewer's attention and making the data more engaging.
  • Simple and easy to understand: Pie charts present data in a straightforward manner, making it easy for viewers to grasp the relative proportions of different categories at a glance.

Disadvantages of Using a Pie Chart

  • Limited trend analysis: Pie charts are not ideal for showing trends or changes over time since they represent static snapshots of data at a single point in time.
  • Limited data slice: Pie charts become less effective when too many categories are included, as smaller slices can be difficult to distinguish and interpret accurately. They are best suited for representing a few categories with distinct differences in proportions.

Scatter Plots

Scatter plots are used to visualize the relationship between two variables. Each data point in a scatter plot represents a value for both variables, and the position of the point on the graph indicates the values of the variables. Scatter plots are useful for identifying patterns and relationships between variables, such as correlation or trends.

Scatter-Chart

Advantages of Using Scatter Plots

  • Revealing Trends and Relationships: Scatter plots are excellent for visually identifying patterns, trends, and relationships between two variables. They allow for the exploration of correlations and dependencies within the data.
  • Easy to Understand: Scatter plots provide a straightforward visual representation of data points, making them easy for viewers to interpret and understand without requiring complex statistical knowledge.
  • Highlight Outliers: Scatter plots make it easy to identify outliers or anomalous data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern. This can be crucial for detecting unusual behavior or data errors within the dataset.

Disadvantages of Using Scatter Plot Charts

  • Limited to Two Variables: Scatter plots are limited to visualizing relationships between two variables. While this simplicity can be advantageous for focused analysis, it also means they cannot represent interactions between more than two variables simultaneously.
  • Not Ideal for Precise Comparisons: While scatter plots are excellent for identifying trends and relationships, they may not be ideal for making precise comparisons between data points. Other types of graphs, such as bar charts or box plots, may be better suited for comparing specific values or distributions within the data.

Area Charts

Area charts are similar to line graphs but with the area below the line filled in with color. They are used to represent cumulative totals or stacked data over time. Area charts are effective for showing changes in composition over time and comparing the contributions of different categories to the total.

Area-Chart

Advantages of Using Area Charts

  • Visually Appealing: Area charts are aesthetically pleasing and can effectively capture the audience's attention due to their colorful and filled-in nature.
  • Great for Trends: They are excellent for visualizing trends over time, as the filled area under the line emphasizes the magnitude of change, making it easy to identify patterns and fluctuations.
  • Compares Well: Area charts allow for easy comparison between different categories or datasets, especially when multiple areas are displayed on the same chart. This comparative aspect aids in highlighting relative changes and proportions.

Disadvantages of Using Area Charts

  • Limited Data Sets: Area charts may not be suitable for displaying large or complex datasets, as the filled areas can overlap and obscure details, making it challenging to interpret the data accurately.
  • Not for Precise Values: Area charts are less effective for conveying precise numerical values, as the emphasis is on trends and proportions rather than exact measurements. This can be a limitation when precise data accuracy is crucial for analysis or decision-making.

Radar Charts

A radar chart , also known as a spider chart or a web chart, is a graphical method of displaying multivariate data in the form of a two-dimensional chart. It is particularly useful for visualizing the relative values of multiple quantitative variables across several categories. Radar charts compare things across many aspects, like how different employees perform in various skills.

Radar-Chart

Advantages of Using Radar Chart

  • Highlighting Strengths and Weaknesses: Radar charts allow for the clear visualization of strengths and weaknesses across multiple variables, making it easy to identify areas of excellence and areas for improvement.
  • Easy Comparisons: The radial nature of radar charts facilitates easy comparison of different variables or categories, as each axis represents a different dimension of the data, enabling quick visual assessment.
  • Handling Many Variables: Radar charts are particularly useful for handling datasets with many variables, as each variable can be represented by a separate axis, allowing for comprehensive visualization of multidimensional data.

Disadvantages of Using Radar Chart

  • Scaling Issues: Radar charts can present scaling issues, especially when variables have different units or scales. Inaccurate scaling can distort the representation of data, leading to misinterpretation or misunderstanding.
  • Misleading Comparisons: Due to the circular nature of radar charts, the area enclosed by each shape can be misleading when comparing variables. Small differences in values can result in disproportionately large visual differences, potentially leading to misinterpretation of data.

Histograms are similar to bar graphs but are used specifically to represent the distribution of continuous data. In histograms, the data is divided into intervals, or bins, and the height of each bar represents the frequency or count of data points within that interval.

Histogram-Chart

Advantages of using Histogram

  • Easy to understand: Histograms provide a visual representation of the distribution of data, making it easy for viewers to grasp the overall pattern.
  • Identify Patterns: Histograms allow for the identification of patterns and trends within the data, such as skewness, peaks, or gaps.
  • Compare Data Sets: Histograms enable comparisons between different datasets, helping to identify similarities or differences in their distributions.

Disadvantages of using Histogram

  • Not for small datasets: Histograms may not be suitable for very small datasets as they require a sufficient amount of data to accurately represent the distribution.
  • Limited details: Histograms provide a summary of the data distribution but may lack detailed information about individual data points, such as specific values or outliers.

Treemap Charts

Treemap charts are a type of data visualization that represent hierarchical data as a set of nested rectangles. Each rectangle, or "tile," in the treemap represents a category or subcategory of the data, and the size of the rectangle corresponds to a quantitative value, such as the proportion or absolute value of that category within the dataset.

Treemap

Advantages of using a Treemap Chart

  • Identifying patterns and trends: Treemap charts help in visually identifying patterns and trends within hierarchical data structures by representing data in nested rectangles, making it easier to see how smaller components contribute to the whole.
  • Highlighting Proportions: Treemaps effectively highlight proportions by using varying sizes and colors of rectangles to represent different values or categories, making it easy to understand the relative significance of each component.
  • Efficient use of space: Treemap charts efficiently utilize space by packing rectangles within larger rectangles, allowing for the visualization of large datasets in a compact and organized manner.

Disadvantages of using a Treemap Chart

  • Difficulty comparing exact values: Due to the varying sizes and shapes of the rectangles in a treemap, it can be challenging to accurately compare exact values between different categories or components, especially when the differences are subtle.
  • Order dependence: The arrangement of rectangles within a treemap can significantly impact perception. Small changes in sorting or hierarchical structure can lead to different visual interpretations, making it important to carefully consider the ordering of data elements.

Pareto Charts

A Pareto chart is a specific type of chart that combines both bar and line graphs. It's named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who first noted the 80/20 principle, which states that roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes. Pareto charts are used to highlight the most significant factors among a set of many factors.

Pareto-Charts

Advantages of using a Pareto Chart

  • Simple to understand: Pareto charts present data in a straightforward manner, making it easy for viewers to grasp the most significant factors at a glance.
  • Visually identify key factors: By arranging data in descending order of importance, Pareto charts allow users to quickly identify the most critical factors contributing to a problem or outcome.
  • Focus resources effectively: With the ability to prioritize factors based on their impact, Pareto charts help organizations allocate resources efficiently by addressing the most significant issues first.

Disadvantages of Using a Pareto Chart

  • Limited Data Exploration: Pareto charts primarily focus on identifying the most critical factors, which may lead to overlooking nuances or subtle trends present in the data.
  • Assumes 80/20 rule applies: The Pareto principle, which suggests that roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes, is a foundational concept behind Pareto charts. However, this assumption may not always hold true in every situation, potentially leading to misinterpretation or oversimplification of complex data relationships.

Waterfall Charts

Waterfall charts are a type of data visualization tool that display the cumulative effect of sequentially introduced positive or negative values. They are particularly useful for understanding the cumulative impact of different factors contributing to a total or final value.

Waterfall-Charts

Advantages of Using a Waterfall Chart

  • Clear Breakdown of Changes: Waterfall charts provide a clear and visual breakdown of changes in data over a series of categories or stages, making it easy to understand the cumulative effect of each change.
  • Easy to Identify the Impact: By displaying the incremental additions or subtractions of values, waterfall charts make it easy to identify the impact of each component on the overall total.
  • Focus on the Journey: Waterfall charts emphasize the journey of data transformation, showing how values evolve from one stage to another, which can help in understanding the flow of data changes.

Disadvantages of Using a Waterfall Chart

  • Complexity with Too Many Categories: Waterfall charts can become complex and cluttered when there are too many categories or stages involved, potentially leading to confusion and difficulty in interpreting the data.
  • Not Ideal for Comparisons: While waterfall charts are effective for illustrating changes over a sequence of categories, they may not be suitable for direct comparisons between different datasets or groups, as they primarily focus on showing the cumulative effect of changes rather than individual values.

How to Choose Right Charts or Graphs for Data Visualization?

Choosing the right chart for your data visualization depends on what you want to communicate with your data. Here are some questions provided below to ask yourself before doing Data Visualization,

  • How much Data do you have?
  • What type of Data are you working with?
  • What is the goal of your Visualization?

Also, you can check the general guidelines below to help you pick the right chart type for your reference,

  • Distribution of Data
  • Relationship between variables
  • Comparisons between groups
  • Trends over time
  • Audience familiarity with different types of Charts and Graphs

The right choice of chart or graph depends on your specific data and the information you want to convey to others. Whether you’re motivating your team, impressing stakeholders, or showcasing your business values, thoughtful data visualization builds trust and drives informed decision-making.

Remember, the key to impactful data visualization lies in choosing the right tool to transform complex data into clear, understanding actionable insights for your audience.

FAQs- Best Types of Charts and Graphs For Data Visualization

Which type of graph is best for data visualization.

The best type of graph depends on the nature of the data. Line graphs are ideal for showing trends over time, bar graphs for comparisons, scatter plots for correlations, and pie charts for proportions.

What type of chart would be best for this visualization?

If you're comparing categories or groups, a bar chart is often best. It offers a clear visual representation of comparisons between discrete data points.

What are the 4 types of graphs and charts?

Bar Graph Line Graph Pie Chart, and Area Chart

What are the 4 main visualization types?

Spatial, Temporal, Hierarchical, and Network are the 4 main types of visualizations.

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17 Data Visualization Techniques All Professionals Should Know

Data Visualizations on a Page

  • 17 Sep 2019

There’s a growing demand for business analytics and data expertise in the workforce. But you don’t need to be a professional analyst to benefit from data-related skills.

Becoming skilled at common data visualization techniques can help you reap the rewards of data-driven decision-making , including increased confidence and potential cost savings. Learning how to effectively visualize data could be the first step toward using data analytics and data science to your advantage to add value to your organization.

Several data visualization techniques can help you become more effective in your role. Here are 17 essential data visualization techniques all professionals should know, as well as tips to help you effectively present your data.

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What Is Data Visualization?

Data visualization is the process of creating graphical representations of information. This process helps the presenter communicate data in a way that’s easy for the viewer to interpret and draw conclusions.

There are many different techniques and tools you can leverage to visualize data, so you want to know which ones to use and when. Here are some of the most important data visualization techniques all professionals should know.

Data Visualization Techniques

The type of data visualization technique you leverage will vary based on the type of data you’re working with, in addition to the story you’re telling with your data .

Here are some important data visualization techniques to know:

  • Gantt Chart
  • Box and Whisker Plot
  • Waterfall Chart
  • Scatter Plot
  • Pictogram Chart
  • Highlight Table
  • Bullet Graph
  • Choropleth Map
  • Network Diagram
  • Correlation Matrices

1. Pie Chart

Pie Chart Example

Pie charts are one of the most common and basic data visualization techniques, used across a wide range of applications. Pie charts are ideal for illustrating proportions, or part-to-whole comparisons.

Because pie charts are relatively simple and easy to read, they’re best suited for audiences who might be unfamiliar with the information or are only interested in the key takeaways. For viewers who require a more thorough explanation of the data, pie charts fall short in their ability to display complex information.

2. Bar Chart

Bar Chart Example

The classic bar chart , or bar graph, is another common and easy-to-use method of data visualization. In this type of visualization, one axis of the chart shows the categories being compared, and the other, a measured value. The length of the bar indicates how each group measures according to the value.

One drawback is that labeling and clarity can become problematic when there are too many categories included. Like pie charts, they can also be too simple for more complex data sets.

3. Histogram

Histogram Example

Unlike bar charts, histograms illustrate the distribution of data over a continuous interval or defined period. These visualizations are helpful in identifying where values are concentrated, as well as where there are gaps or unusual values.

Histograms are especially useful for showing the frequency of a particular occurrence. For instance, if you’d like to show how many clicks your website received each day over the last week, you can use a histogram. From this visualization, you can quickly determine which days your website saw the greatest and fewest number of clicks.

4. Gantt Chart

Gantt Chart Example

Gantt charts are particularly common in project management, as they’re useful in illustrating a project timeline or progression of tasks. In this type of chart, tasks to be performed are listed on the vertical axis and time intervals on the horizontal axis. Horizontal bars in the body of the chart represent the duration of each activity.

Utilizing Gantt charts to display timelines can be incredibly helpful, and enable team members to keep track of every aspect of a project. Even if you’re not a project management professional, familiarizing yourself with Gantt charts can help you stay organized.

5. Heat Map

Heat Map Example

A heat map is a type of visualization used to show differences in data through variations in color. These charts use color to communicate values in a way that makes it easy for the viewer to quickly identify trends. Having a clear legend is necessary in order for a user to successfully read and interpret a heatmap.

There are many possible applications of heat maps. For example, if you want to analyze which time of day a retail store makes the most sales, you can use a heat map that shows the day of the week on the vertical axis and time of day on the horizontal axis. Then, by shading in the matrix with colors that correspond to the number of sales at each time of day, you can identify trends in the data that allow you to determine the exact times your store experiences the most sales.

6. A Box and Whisker Plot

Box and Whisker Plot Example

A box and whisker plot , or box plot, provides a visual summary of data through its quartiles. First, a box is drawn from the first quartile to the third of the data set. A line within the box represents the median. “Whiskers,” or lines, are then drawn extending from the box to the minimum (lower extreme) and maximum (upper extreme). Outliers are represented by individual points that are in-line with the whiskers.

This type of chart is helpful in quickly identifying whether or not the data is symmetrical or skewed, as well as providing a visual summary of the data set that can be easily interpreted.

7. Waterfall Chart

Waterfall Chart Example

A waterfall chart is a visual representation that illustrates how a value changes as it’s influenced by different factors, such as time. The main goal of this chart is to show the viewer how a value has grown or declined over a defined period. For example, waterfall charts are popular for showing spending or earnings over time.

8. Area Chart

Area Chart Example

An area chart , or area graph, is a variation on a basic line graph in which the area underneath the line is shaded to represent the total value of each data point. When several data series must be compared on the same graph, stacked area charts are used.

This method of data visualization is useful for showing changes in one or more quantities over time, as well as showing how each quantity combines to make up the whole. Stacked area charts are effective in showing part-to-whole comparisons.

9. Scatter Plot

Scatter Plot Example

Another technique commonly used to display data is a scatter plot . A scatter plot displays data for two variables as represented by points plotted against the horizontal and vertical axis. This type of data visualization is useful in illustrating the relationships that exist between variables and can be used to identify trends or correlations in data.

Scatter plots are most effective for fairly large data sets, since it’s often easier to identify trends when there are more data points present. Additionally, the closer the data points are grouped together, the stronger the correlation or trend tends to be.

10. Pictogram Chart

Pictogram Example

Pictogram charts , or pictograph charts, are particularly useful for presenting simple data in a more visual and engaging way. These charts use icons to visualize data, with each icon representing a different value or category. For example, data about time might be represented by icons of clocks or watches. Each icon can correspond to either a single unit or a set number of units (for example, each icon represents 100 units).

In addition to making the data more engaging, pictogram charts are helpful in situations where language or cultural differences might be a barrier to the audience’s understanding of the data.

11. Timeline

Timeline Example

Timelines are the most effective way to visualize a sequence of events in chronological order. They’re typically linear, with key events outlined along the axis. Timelines are used to communicate time-related information and display historical data.

Timelines allow you to highlight the most important events that occurred, or need to occur in the future, and make it easy for the viewer to identify any patterns appearing within the selected time period. While timelines are often relatively simple linear visualizations, they can be made more visually appealing by adding images, colors, fonts, and decorative shapes.

12. Highlight Table

Highlight Table Example

A highlight table is a more engaging alternative to traditional tables. By highlighting cells in the table with color, you can make it easier for viewers to quickly spot trends and patterns in the data. These visualizations are useful for comparing categorical data.

Depending on the data visualization tool you’re using, you may be able to add conditional formatting rules to the table that automatically color cells that meet specified conditions. For instance, when using a highlight table to visualize a company’s sales data, you may color cells red if the sales data is below the goal, or green if sales were above the goal. Unlike a heat map, the colors in a highlight table are discrete and represent a single meaning or value.

13. Bullet Graph

Bullet Graph Example

A bullet graph is a variation of a bar graph that can act as an alternative to dashboard gauges to represent performance data. The main use for a bullet graph is to inform the viewer of how a business is performing in comparison to benchmarks that are in place for key business metrics.

In a bullet graph, the darker horizontal bar in the middle of the chart represents the actual value, while the vertical line represents a comparative value, or target. If the horizontal bar passes the vertical line, the target for that metric has been surpassed. Additionally, the segmented colored sections behind the horizontal bar represent range scores, such as “poor,” “fair,” or “good.”

14. Choropleth Maps

Choropleth Map Example

A choropleth map uses color, shading, and other patterns to visualize numerical values across geographic regions. These visualizations use a progression of color (or shading) on a spectrum to distinguish high values from low.

Choropleth maps allow viewers to see how a variable changes from one region to the next. A potential downside to this type of visualization is that the exact numerical values aren’t easily accessible because the colors represent a range of values. Some data visualization tools, however, allow you to add interactivity to your map so the exact values are accessible.

15. Word Cloud

Word Cloud Example

A word cloud , or tag cloud, is a visual representation of text data in which the size of the word is proportional to its frequency. The more often a specific word appears in a dataset, the larger it appears in the visualization. In addition to size, words often appear bolder or follow a specific color scheme depending on their frequency.

Word clouds are often used on websites and blogs to identify significant keywords and compare differences in textual data between two sources. They are also useful when analyzing qualitative datasets, such as the specific words consumers used to describe a product.

16. Network Diagram

Network Diagram Example

Network diagrams are a type of data visualization that represent relationships between qualitative data points. These visualizations are composed of nodes and links, also called edges. Nodes are singular data points that are connected to other nodes through edges, which show the relationship between multiple nodes.

There are many use cases for network diagrams, including depicting social networks, highlighting the relationships between employees at an organization, or visualizing product sales across geographic regions.

17. Correlation Matrix

Correlation Matrix Example

A correlation matrix is a table that shows correlation coefficients between variables. Each cell represents the relationship between two variables, and a color scale is used to communicate whether the variables are correlated and to what extent.

Correlation matrices are useful to summarize and find patterns in large data sets. In business, a correlation matrix might be used to analyze how different data points about a specific product might be related, such as price, advertising spend, launch date, etc.

Other Data Visualization Options

While the examples listed above are some of the most commonly used techniques, there are many other ways you can visualize data to become a more effective communicator. Some other data visualization options include:

  • Bubble clouds
  • Circle views
  • Dendrograms
  • Dot distribution maps
  • Open-high-low-close charts
  • Polar areas
  • Radial trees
  • Ring Charts
  • Sankey diagram
  • Span charts
  • Streamgraphs
  • Wedge stack graphs
  • Violin plots

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Tips For Creating Effective Visualizations

Creating effective data visualizations requires more than just knowing how to choose the best technique for your needs. There are several considerations you should take into account to maximize your effectiveness when it comes to presenting data.

Related : What to Keep in Mind When Creating Data Visualizations in Excel

One of the most important steps is to evaluate your audience. For example, if you’re presenting financial data to a team that works in an unrelated department, you’ll want to choose a fairly simple illustration. On the other hand, if you’re presenting financial data to a team of finance experts, it’s likely you can safely include more complex information.

Another helpful tip is to avoid unnecessary distractions. Although visual elements like animation can be a great way to add interest, they can also distract from the key points the illustration is trying to convey and hinder the viewer’s ability to quickly understand the information.

Finally, be mindful of the colors you utilize, as well as your overall design. While it’s important that your graphs or charts are visually appealing, there are more practical reasons you might choose one color palette over another. For instance, using low contrast colors can make it difficult for your audience to discern differences between data points. Using colors that are too bold, however, can make the illustration overwhelming or distracting for the viewer.

Related : Bad Data Visualization: 5 Examples of Misleading Data

Visuals to Interpret and Share Information

No matter your role or title within an organization, data visualization is a skill that’s important for all professionals. Being able to effectively present complex data through easy-to-understand visual representations is invaluable when it comes to communicating information with members both inside and outside your business.

There’s no shortage in how data visualization can be applied in the real world. Data is playing an increasingly important role in the marketplace today, and data literacy is the first step in understanding how analytics can be used in business.

Are you interested in improving your analytical skills? Learn more about Business Analytics , our eight-week online course that can help you use data to generate insights and tackle business decisions.

This post was updated on January 20, 2022. It was originally published on September 17, 2019.

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