argumentative essay definition

Argumentative Essay

Definition of argumentative essay.

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. It could be that both sides are presented equally balanced, or it could be that one side is presented more forcefully than the other. It all depends on the writer, and what side he supports the most. The general structure of an argumentative essay follows this format:

• Introduction : Attention Grabber/ hook , Background Information , Thesis Statement
• Body : Three body paragraphs (three major arguments)
• Counterargument : An argument to refute earlier arguments and give weight to the actual position
• Conclusion : Rephrasing the thesis statement , major points, call to attention, or concluding remarks .

Models for Argumentative Essays

There are two major models besides this structure given above, which is called a classical model. Two other models are the Toulmin and Rogerian models.

Toulmin model is comprised of an introduction with a claim or thesis, followed by the presentation of data to support the claim. Warrants are then listed for the reasons to support the claim with backing and rebuttals. However, the Rogerian model asks to weigh two options, lists the strengths and weaknesses of both options, and gives a recommendation after an analysis.

Five Types of Argument Claims in Essay Writing  

There are five major types of argument claims as given below.

• A claim of definition
• A claim about values
• A claim about the reason
• A claim about comparison
• A claim about policy or position

A writer makes a claim about these issues and answers the relevant questions about it with relevant data and evidence to support the claim.

Three Major Types of Argument and How to Apply Them

Classical argument.

This model of applying argument is also called the Aristotelian model developed by Aristotle. This type of essay introduces the claim, with the opinion of the writer about the claim, its both perspectives, supported by evidence, and provides a conclusion about the better perspective . This essay includes an introduction, a body having the argument and support, a counter-argument with support, and a conclusion.

Toulmin Argument

This model developed by Stephen Toulmin is based on the claim followed by grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal . Its structure comprises, an introduction having the main claim, a body with facts and evidence, while its rebuttal comprises counter-arguments and a conclusion.

Rogerian Argument

The third model by Carl Rogers has different perspectives having proof to support and a conclusion based on all the available perspectives. Its structure comprises an introduction with a thesis, the opposite point of view and claim, a middle-ground for both or more perspectives, and a conclusion.

Four Steps to Outline and Argumentative Essay

There are four major steps to outlining an argumentative essay.

• Introduction with background, claim, and thesis.
• Body with facts, definition, claim, cause and effect, or policy.
• The opposing point of view with pieces of evidence.

Examples of Argumentative Essay in Literature

Example #1: put a little science in your life by brian greene.

“When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the Internet, it’s easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into the fabric of our day-to-day activities . When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices, pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science affects the quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify looming challenges like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and diminishing resources, we don’t hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find solutions. And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon—stem cells, genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience, brain-machine interface, quantum computers, space technology—we realize how crucial it is to cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there’s simply no other way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of issues that will shape the future.”

These two paragraphs present an argument about two scientific fields — digital products and biotechnology. It has also given full supporting details with names.

Example #2: Boys Here, Girls There: Sure, If Equality’s the Goal by Karen Stabiner

“The first objections last week came from the National Organization for Women and the New York Civil Liberties Union, both of which opposed the opening of TYWLS in the fall of 1996. The two groups continue to insist—as though it were 1896 and they were arguing Plessy v. Ferguson—that separate can never be equal. I appreciate NOW ’s wariness of the Bush administration’s endorsement of single-sex public schools, since I am of the generation that still considers the label “feminist” to be a compliment—and many feminists still fear that any public acknowledgment of differences between the sexes will hinder their fight for equality .”

This paragraph by Karen Stabiner presents an objection to the argument of separation between public schools. It has been fully supported with evidence of the court case.

Example #3: The Flight from Conversation by Sherry Turkle

“We’ve become accustomed to a new way of being “ alone together.” Technology-enabled, we are able to be with one another, and also elsewhere, connected to wherever we want to be. We want to customize our lives. We want to move in and out of where we are because the thing we value most is control over where we focus our attention. We have gotten used to the idea of being in a tribe of one, loyal to our own party.”

This is an argument by Sherry Turkle, who beautifully presented it in the first person plural dialogues . However, it is clear that this is part of a greater argument instead of the essay.

Function of Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay presents both sides of an issue. However, it presents one side more positively or meticulously than the other one, so that readers could be swayed to the one the author intends. The major function of this type of essay is to present a case before the readers in a convincing manner, showing them the complete picture.

Synonyms of Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay synonyms are as follows: persuasive essays, research essays, analytical essays, or even some personal essays.

Related posts:

• Elements of an Essay
• Narrative Essay
• Definition Essay
• Descriptive Essay
• Types of Essay
• Analytical Essay
• Cause and Effect Essay
• Critical Essay
• Expository Essay
• Persuasive Essay
• Process Essay
• Explicatory Essay
• An Essay on Man: Epistle I
• Comparison and Contrast Essay

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Argumentative Essays

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What is an argumentative essay?

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Please note : Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.

Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.

The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following.

• A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.

In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important ( exigence ) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.

• Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.

• Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis ( warrant ).

However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.

• Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the student’s job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but rather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.

• A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.

A complete argument

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

The five-paragraph essay

A common method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays. If it sounds straightforward, that is because it is; in fact, the method consists of (a) an introductory paragraph (b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views and (c) a conclusion.

Longer argumentative essays

Complex issues and detailed research call for complex and detailed essays. Argumentative essays discussing a number of research sources or empirical research will most certainly be longer than five paragraphs. Authors may have to discuss the context surrounding the topic, sources of information and their credibility, as well as a number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay. Many of these factors will be determined by the assignment.

What is an Argumentative Essay? How to Write It (With Examples)

Table of Contents

We define an argumentative essay as a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. The purpose is to convince the reader to accept a particular viewpoint or action. In an argumentative essay, the writer takes a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supports their position with evidence, reasoning, and examples. The essay should also address counterarguments, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the topic.

What is an argumentative essay?  

An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents a coherent and logical analysis of a specific topic. 1 The goal is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or opinion on a particular issue. Here are the key elements of an argumentative essay: 

• Thesis Statement : The central claim or argument that the essay aims to prove. 
• Introduction : Provides background information and introduces the thesis statement. 
• Body Paragraphs : Each paragraph addresses a specific aspect of the argument, presents evidence, and may include counter arguments. 
• Evidence : Supports the main argument with relevant facts, examples, statistics, or expert opinions.
• Counterarguments : Anticipates and addresses opposing viewpoints to strengthen the overall argument.
• Conclusion : Summarizes the main points, reinforces the thesis, and may suggest implications or actions.

Argumentative essay structure  

Aristotelian, Rogerian, and Toulmin are three distinct approaches to argumentative essay structures, each with its principles and methods. 2 The choice depends on the purpose and nature of the topic. Here’s an overview of each type of argumentative essay format.

Argumentative Essay Outline

An argumentative essay presents a specific claim or argument and supports it with evidence and reasoning. Here’s an outline for an argumentative essay, along with examples for each section: 3  

1.  Introduction : 

• Hook : Start with a compelling statement, question, or anecdote to grab the reader’s attention. 

Example: “Did you know that plastic pollution is threatening marine life at an alarming rate?” 

• Background information : Provide brief context about the issue. 

Example: “Plastic pollution has become a global environmental concern, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering our oceans yearly.” 

• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position. 

Example: “We must take immediate action to reduce plastic usage and implement more sustainable alternatives to protect our marine ecosystem.” 

2.  Body Paragraphs : 

• Topic sentence : Introduce the main idea of each paragraph. 

Example: “The first step towards addressing the plastic pollution crisis is reducing single-use plastic consumption.” 

• Evidence/Support : Provide evidence, facts, statistics, or examples that support your argument. 

Example: “Research shows that plastic straws alone contribute to millions of tons of plastic waste annually, and many marine animals suffer from ingestion or entanglement.” 

• Counterargument/Refutation : Acknowledge and refute opposing viewpoints. 

Example: “Some argue that banning plastic straws is inconvenient for consumers, but the long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the temporary inconvenience.” 

• Transition : Connect each paragraph to the next. 

Example: “Having addressed the issue of single-use plastics, the focus must now shift to promoting sustainable alternatives.” 

3.  Counterargument Paragraph : 

• Acknowledgement of opposing views : Recognize alternative perspectives on the issue. 

Example: “While some may argue that individual actions cannot significantly impact global plastic pollution, the cumulative effect of collective efforts must be considered.” 

• Counterargument and rebuttal : Present and refute the main counterargument. 

Example: “However, individual actions, when multiplied across millions of people, can substantially reduce plastic waste. Small changes in behavior, such as using reusable bags and containers, can have a significant positive impact.” 

4.  Conclusion : 

• Restatement of thesis : Summarize your main argument. 

Example: “In conclusion, adopting sustainable practices and reducing single-use plastic is crucial for preserving our oceans and marine life.” 

• Call to action : Encourage the reader to take specific steps or consider the argument’s implications. 

Example: “It is our responsibility to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for policies that prioritize the health of our planet. By collectively embracing sustainable alternatives, we can contribute to a cleaner and healthier future.” 

Types of argument claims  

A claim is a statement or proposition a writer puts forward with evidence to persuade the reader. 4 Here are some common types of argument claims, along with examples: 

• Fact Claims : These claims assert that something is true or false and can often be verified through evidence.  Example: “Water boils at 100°C at sea level.”
• Value Claims : Value claims express judgments about the worth or morality of something, often based on personal beliefs or societal values. Example: “Organic farming is more ethical than conventional farming.” 
• Policy Claims : Policy claims propose a course of action or argue for a specific policy, law, or regulation change.  Example: “Schools should adopt a year-round education system to improve student learning outcomes.” 
• Cause and Effect Claims : These claims argue that one event or condition leads to another, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.  Example: “Excessive use of social media is a leading cause of increased feelings of loneliness among young adults.” 
• Definition Claims : Definition claims assert the meaning or classification of a concept or term.  Example: “Artificial intelligence can be defined as machines exhibiting human-like cognitive functions.” 
• Comparative Claims : Comparative claims assert that one thing is better or worse than another in certain respects.  Example: “Online education is more cost-effective than traditional classroom learning.” 
• Evaluation Claims : Evaluation claims assess the quality, significance, or effectiveness of something based on specific criteria.  Example: “The new healthcare policy is more effective in providing affordable healthcare to all citizens.” 

Understanding these argument claims can help writers construct more persuasive and well-supported arguments tailored to the specific nature of the claim.  

How to write an argumentative essay?

If you’re wondering how to start an argumentative essay, here’s a step-by-step guide to help you with the argumentative essay format and writing process.

• Choose a Topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about or interested in. Ensure that the topic is debatable and has two or more sides.
• Define Your Position: Clearly state your stance on the issue. Consider opposing viewpoints and be ready to counter them.
• Conduct Research: Gather relevant information from credible sources, such as books, articles, and academic journals. Take notes on key points and supporting evidence.
• Create a Thesis Statement: Develop a concise and clear thesis statement that outlines your main argument. Convey your position on the issue and provide a roadmap for the essay.
• Outline Your Argumentative Essay: Organize your ideas logically by creating an outline. Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your thesis.
• Write the Introduction: Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention (a quote, a question, a surprising fact). Provide background information on the topic. Present your thesis statement at the end of the introduction.
• Develop Body Paragraphs: Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that relates to the thesis. Support your points with evidence and examples. Address counterarguments and refute them to strengthen your position. Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs.
• Address Counterarguments: Acknowledge and respond to opposing viewpoints. Anticipate objections and provide evidence to counter them.
• Write the Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your argumentative essay. Reinforce the significance of your argument. End with a call to action, a prediction, or a thought-provoking statement.
• Revise, Edit, and Share: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Check for grammatical and spelling errors. Share your essay with peers, friends, or instructors for constructive feedback.
• Finalize Your Argumentative Essay: Make final edits based on feedback received. Ensure that your essay follows the required formatting and citation style.

Argumentative essay writing tips  

Here are eight strategies to craft a compelling argumentative essay: 

• Choose a Clear and Controversial Topic : Select a topic that sparks debate and has opposing viewpoints. A clear and controversial issue provides a solid foundation for a strong argument. 
• Conduct Thorough Research : Gather relevant information from reputable sources to support your argument. Use a variety of sources, such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, and expert opinions, to strengthen your position. 
• Create a Strong Thesis Statement : Clearly articulate your main argument in a concise thesis statement. Your thesis should convey your stance on the issue and provide a roadmap for the reader to follow your argument. 
• Develop a Logical Structure : Organize your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point of evidence that contributes to your overall argument. Ensure a logical flow from one point to the next. 
• Provide Strong Evidence : Support your claims with solid evidence. Use facts, statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Be sure to cite your sources appropriately to maintain credibility. 
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and counterarguments. Addressing and refuting alternative perspectives strengthens your essay and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the issue. Be mindful of maintaining a respectful tone even when discussing opposing views. 
• Use Persuasive Language : Employ persuasive language to make your points effectively. Avoid emotional appeals without supporting evidence and strive for a respectful and professional tone. 
• Craft a Compelling Conclusion : Summarize your main points, restate your thesis, and leave a lasting impression in your conclusion. Encourage readers to consider the implications of your argument and potentially take action. 

Good argumentative essay example  

Let’s consider a sample of argumentative essay on how social media enhances connectivity:

In the digital age, social media has emerged as a powerful tool that transcends geographical boundaries, connecting individuals from diverse backgrounds and providing a platform for an array of voices to be heard. While critics argue that social media fosters division and amplifies negativity, it is essential to recognize the positive aspects of this digital revolution and how it enhances connectivity by providing a platform for diverse voices to flourish. One of the primary benefits of social media is its ability to facilitate instant communication and connection across the globe. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram break down geographical barriers, enabling people to establish and maintain relationships regardless of physical location and fostering a sense of global community. Furthermore, social media has transformed how people stay connected with friends and family. Whether separated by miles or time zones, social media ensures that relationships remain dynamic and relevant, contributing to a more interconnected world. Moreover, social media has played a pivotal role in giving voice to social justice movements and marginalized communities. Movements such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #ClimateStrike have gained momentum through social media, allowing individuals to share their stories and advocate for change on a global scale. This digital activism can shape public opinion and hold institutions accountable. Social media platforms provide a dynamic space for open dialogue and discourse. Users can engage in discussions, share information, and challenge each other’s perspectives, fostering a culture of critical thinking. This open exchange of ideas contributes to a more informed and enlightened society where individuals can broaden their horizons and develop a nuanced understanding of complex issues. While criticisms of social media abound, it is crucial to recognize its positive impact on connectivity and the amplification of diverse voices. Social media transcends physical and cultural barriers, connecting people across the globe and providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard. By fostering open dialogue and facilitating the exchange of ideas, social media contributes to a more interconnected and empowered society. Embracing the positive aspects of social media allows us to harness its potential for positive change and collective growth.

How to write a good thesis

• Clearly Define Your Thesis Statement:   Your thesis statement is the core of your argumentative essay. Clearly articulate your main argument or position on the issue. Avoid vague or general statements.  
• Provide Strong Supporting Evidence:   Back up your thesis with solid evidence from reliable sources and examples. This can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, anecdotes, or real-life examples. Make sure your evidence is relevant to your argument, as it impacts the overall persuasiveness of your thesis.  
• Anticipate Counterarguments and Address Them:   Acknowledge and address opposing viewpoints to strengthen credibility. This also shows that you engage critically with the topic rather than presenting a one-sided argument. 

How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Paperpal?  

Writing a winning argumentative essay not only showcases your ability to critically analyze a topic but also demonstrates your skill in persuasively presenting your stance backed by evidence. Achieving this level of writing excellence can be time-consuming. This is where Paperpal, your AI academic writing assistant, steps in to revolutionize the way you approach argumentative essays. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use Paperpal to write your essay: 

• Sign Up or Log In: Begin by creating an account or logging into paperpal.com .  
• Navigate to Paperpal Templates: Once logged in, proceed to the Templates section from the side navigation bar.  
• Generate an essay outline: Under Templates, click on the ‘Outline ‘ tab and choose ‘Essay’ from the options and provide your topic to generate an outline.  

Start Writing with Paperpal

• Develop your essay: Use this structured outline as a guide to flesh out your essay. If you encounter any roadblocks, click on Write to keep your writing momentum going. 

• Refine your writing: To elevate the academic tone of your essay, select a paragraph and use the ‘ Make Academic’ feature under the ‘Rewrite’ tab, ensuring your argumentative essay resonates with an academic audience. 
• Final Touches: Make your argumentative essay submission ready with Paperpal’s language, grammar, consistency and plagiarism checks, and improve your chances of acceptance.  

Paperpal not only simplifies the essay writing process but also ensures your argumentative essay is persuasive, well-structured, and academically rigorous. Sign up today and transform how you write argumentative essays. 

Frequently Asked Questions

The length of an argumentative essay can vary, but it typically falls within the range of 1,000 to 2,500 words. However, the specific requirements may depend on the guidelines provided.

You might write an argumentative essay when:  1. You want to convince others of the validity of your position.  2. There is a controversial or debatable issue that requires discussion.  3. You need to present evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.  4. You want to explore and critically analyze different perspectives on a topic. 

Argumentative Essay:  Purpose : An argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader to accept or agree with a specific point of view or argument.  Structure : It follows a clear structure with an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs presenting arguments and evidence, counterarguments and refutations, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is formal and relies on logical reasoning, evidence, and critical analysis.    Narrative/Descriptive Essay:  Purpose : These aim to tell a story or describe an experience, while a descriptive essay focuses on creating a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing.  Structure : They may have a more flexible structure. They often include an engaging introduction, a well-developed body that builds the story or description, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is more personal and expressive to evoke emotions or provide sensory details. 

• Gladd, J. (2020). Tips for Writing Academic Persuasive Essays.  Write What Matters . 
• Nimehchisalem, V. (2018). Pyramid of argumentation: Towards an integrated model for teaching and assessing ESL writing.  Language & Communication ,  5 (2), 185-200. 
• Press, B. (2022).  Argumentative Essays: A Step-by-Step Guide . Broadview Press. 
• Rieke, R. D., Sillars, M. O., & Peterson, T. R. (2005).  Argumentation and critical decision making . Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. 

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Argumentative Essay: Definition, Outline and Examples

An argumentative essay is one of the most frequently written types of essays and is something that you may need to write for yourself. In this article, we are going to be looking at what an argumentative essay is and how you can write one. We are also going to take a look at some examples of argumentative essays as a way of gaining a further understanding of how they are written.

What Is An Argumentative Essay?

The argumentative essay is one which is used to present an argument surrounding two side of any particular issue. The essay can be written as a way of presenting both sides of the argument as equal or it might be written with one side taking preference over the other. This would be done when the writer has a specific opinion on the topic.

How to Write An Argumentative Essay

If you are going to write an argumentative essay, there are certain points to consider before you begin. Most essays of this type are structured in a uniform way, as follows:

• Introduction: This section is used as a way to get the attention of the reader and often includes a hook, the thesis statement and a general outline of what the essay is going to be about.
• Body: The body of the argumentative essay is used to present the initial argument along with any facts or data that support it.
• Counterargument: The counterargument of the essay is a section dedicated to showing the opposing side of the argument that was previously discussed. Once again, facts and data should be included.
• Conclusion: When writing a conclusion to an argumentative essay, the writer should sum up all of the points that have been made, present a call to action and refer to the thesis statement once again.

When writing this type of essay, there are two models which are usually used, these are the Rogerian model and the Toulmin model. They are structured as follows:

• The Rogerian model lays out two sides of an argument and gives weaknesses and strengths related to both. After this, the author can give a recommendation of his or her own thoughts based on the evidence provided.
• The Toulmin model will show an introduction to the subject using a claim or a thesis and will then present the reader with facts to support this claim. The author will then make use of warrants to show the reasons that this claim should be supported as well as ways it can be rebutted.

Some further tips for writing a good argumentative essay are as follows:

• Write on a topic that you feel passionate about. This will ensure that you put across a good argument. Your passion for the subject will be reflected in your writing.
• It is very important that you gather your facts and data prior to writing. You should always ensure that you use credible sources to make sure that facts are real and up to date.
• Don’t forget to outline your essay before you start to write, this way you are able to structure your work and make sure that all the important points are included.
• If you are arguing one specific side of a topic, it is important that you are aware of the opposing points so that you can refute them in a realistic manner. So don’t forget to research these as well.

Topics For Argumentative Essays

There are a whole wealth of topics that you might choose to write about when it comes to penning an argumentative essay, in fact there are so many that it can somewhat confusing when trying to select one. As we mentioned, it is important to write about something that you have a passion for, but let’s now take a look at some ideas of topics which you might write about.

• Everyone should receive a free education.
• Why are Americans getting more and more overweight?
• What is the relationship between fitness and food?
• Animals should not be used for research or experiments.
• Should those who destroy the rainforest face a punishment?
• The worlds most corrupt country.
• Are school tests useful?
• Golf is a demanding sport.
• Swimming is the best form of exercise.
• Children should have limited access to the internet.
• Is the monarchy important?

Learn more with hundreds of interesting argumentative essay topics . 

Examples Of Argumentative Essays

Now that you are aware of how to write an argumentative essay and have chosen a topic, you might need a little inspiration or a further understanding of how this type of essay is written. We are now going to take a look at some passages from argumentative essays to inspire you.

Put A Little Science In Your Life Written By Brian Green

If we consider the ubiquity of personal computers, iPads and the net, it is not hard to see how science and technology have been woven into the very fabric of our day to day lives. When we see the benefits of things like MRI devices, CT scanners, arterial stents and pacemakers, we are able to appreciate immediately how science can affect our quality of life. If we assess the world’s state and look at upcoming challenge such as climate change, pandemics, threats to security and a lack of resources, we won’t hesitate to turn to science as a way of gauging the problems and finding a solution.

The Flight From Conversation Written By Sherry Tuckle

We have become accustomed to a way of being alone together. This is enabled by technology and we are then able to be with each other at the same time as being elsewhere, always connected to anywhere we wish to be. We want to be able to customise our lives and be able to move in and out of anywhere as the thing we most value is having control over where our attention is focused. We are used to the idea of being loyal to our party and being in a tribe.

Being one of the most common types of essay, the argumentative essay is fairly simple to write. There are various rules that one should follow when writing this type of essay and in this article, we have shown you some useful ways of doing this. Selecting a topic that you are passionate about is a must when it comes to writing an argumentative essay and the examples we have shown here serve as a great inspiration for your own work.

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Argumentative Essay: Student Guidelines & Examples

• Icon Calendar 8 September 2024
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Writing a good argumentative essay is one of the activities that students in high schools and higher learning institutions undertake as a test of their knowledge acquisition. Basically, this is a paper where students focus on persuading readers to agree with the central argument (thesis). However, to make their argument legitimate, people need to highlight views from opposing points of view (counterarguments). In writing, there are 3 main types of argumentative essays: classical, Rogerian, and Toulmin. While these types of papers can follow a similar outline, each has a unique writing structure that distinguishes it from others. In turn, primary features of an argumentative essay a person should capture in writing are a thesis, body paragraphs that support a central claim, a counterargument, a response to a counterargument (refutation), and concluding remarks. Finally, these guidelines present a definition of an argumentative essay, its format, basic writing steps, defining features, types, structures, outlines, templates, prompts, some examples, what to include, and what to avoid, allowing students to present high-quality papers and get their A+ grades.

General Aspects

Academic writing is a broad discipline that covers various styles and types of writing. Among different types of essays , there is an argumentative or persuasive writing format. Basically, the main point of an argumentative essay is to convince a reader of a validity of an author’s position on a debatable issue through evidence, reasoning, and persuasive statements. As such, it is a writing genre where a person investigates a topic by collecting and evaluating evidence to strengthen a claim concerning specific themes, including a basic outline. In other words, an argumentative paper focuses on supporting a person’s stance on an issue. Moreover, writing an entire content aims to persuade readers to understand and support that point of view. To achieve this writing goal, students need to state a valid reasoning behind their stance and provide evidence that backs it up.

What Is an Argumentative Essay and Its Purpose

According to its definition, an argumentative essay is a type and form of academic writing where an author presents a clear stance on a specific issue, supporting their position with logical reasoning and evidence. For example, the main purpose of writing an argumentative essay is to convince an intended audience of a real validity of an author’s viewpoint by presenting points backed by facts, research, and examples while also addressing and refuting opposing perspectives (Rogers, 2024). Unlike simple opinion pieces, an argumentative essay requires critical thinking and a structured writing approach, often involving introduction, body, and conclusion components. Further on, such a composition encourages an entire debate and helps to develop skills in logical reasoning, analysis, and persuasive communication (Koons, 2021). In principle, readers are encouraged to consider multiple sides of a specific issue, fostering a deeper understanding and prompting further reflection on a chosen topic. Moreover, people can take a clear stance, support a main claim with evidence, and systematically address counterarguments to reinforce their positions (Crossley& Tian, 2022). In terms of pages and words, the length of an argumentative essay depends on academic levels, course requirements, and controversial topics, while general writing guidelines are:

High School

• Length: 1-4 pages
• Word Count: 250-1,000 words
• Structure: Introduction, 2-3 body paragraphs, conclusion.

College (Undergraduate)

• Length: 2-6 pages
• Word Count: 500-1,500 words
• Structure: Introduction, 3-5 body paragraphs, conclusion, with more emphasis on research and evidence.

University (Bachelor’s Level)

• Length: 4-10 pages
• Word Count: 1,000-2,500 words
• Structure: More in-depth research, multiple counterarguments, and extensive evidence supporting a central argument.

Master’s

• Length: 6-20 pages
• Word Count: 1,500-5,000 words
• Structure: More advanced research, multiple viewpoints, detailed analysis, and integration of sources, and its focus is on original argumentation.
• Length: 10-30+ pages
• Word Count: 2,500-7,500+ words
• Structure: Extensive research, complex arguments, multiple perspectives, and a highly detailed examination of sources, often contributing new insights to a chosen field.

Note: Some writing sections of an argumentative essay can be added, deleted, or combined with each other, depending on specific assignments or fields of study. For example, a standard argumentative essay format is an organized framework that outlines how to structure and present a thesis, supporting claims, counterarguments, and evidence in a coherent, logical way to persuade readers (Rogers, 2024). Basically, argumentative writing is a style and form of writing where an author presents a clear position on a specific and debatable issue and supports a main claim with evidence and reasoning while also addressing and refuting opposing viewpoints to persuade readers. Further on, the 5 main parts of an argumentative essay are an introduction, thesis statement sentence, body paragraphs with supporting evidence, counterarguments with refutations, and a conclusion (Koons, 2021). In writing, a typical length of an argumentative essay ranges from 250 to 2,000 words long, depending on academic levels and course instructions. Moreover, students write an argumentative essay when they need to take a stance on a debatable issue and persuade their audience through evidence, reasoning, and addressing counterarguments (Kleemola et al., 2022). An example of a strong claim for an argumentative essay is: “Implementing renewable energy sources is crucial to reducing global carbon emissions and combating climate change.” Finally, people need to cite sources whenever they use information, ideas, or direct quotes from others to support their argument, ensuring proper credit and avoiding plagiarism (Ferretti & Graham, 2019). In turn, to start an argumentative essay, people introduce a specific controversial topic with a hook to grab attention, provide some background information, and present a clear thesis statement that outlines their main position.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay

• Choose a Debatable Topic for Writing: Select a good topic that has two or more sides and can be argued with evidence.
• Conduct Research: Gather credible information, statistics, and expert opinions to support your position.
• Develop a Clear Thesis: Write a concise statement that expresses your main argument or stance.
• Create an Outline: Organize your writing points and structure your argumentative essay with an introduction, body, counterarguments, and conclusion.
• Write an Engaging Introduction: Start writing your argumentative paper with a hook to capture attention, provide background information, and state your thesis.
• Present Your Claims: In each body paragraph, introduce a point supporting your thesis and back it up with evidence.
• Incorporate Counterarguments: Acknowledge opposing views and address them to show balance in your argument.
• Refute Counterarguments: Present evidence or reasoning to disprove or weaken counterarguments.
• Write a Strong Conclusion: Restate your main thesis in another writing way, summarize key body points, and leave readers with a final thought or call to action.
• Revise and Proofread: Review your argumentative essay for clarity, coherence, and any grammatical or logical errors in writing.

Defining Features

An argumentative essay is a common form of writing. Basically, all students encounter argumentative papers at some point in their academic studies. In writing, this type of paper is tailored for a presentation of an argument due to its unique format. For example, a basic structure of an argumentative essay includes a classical layout, covering an introduction with a thesis statement sentence, body paragraphs with supporting evidence from credible sources and counterarguments, refutations, and a conclusion that reinforces a main stance (Koons, 2021). In principle, an argumentative essay is founded on a claim that is supported by evidence and rebuttals, which lack logical fallacies to facilitate a scientific critique. Further on, at the core of writing an argumentative essay is an initial claim that an author intends to defend when considering some argumentative topics. For example, a thesis statement in an argumentative essay must establish a clear position (Hackett, 2021). In this case, an author’s collection of evidence must support a main claim. Moreover, an author needs to have an opinion on an issue at hand and systematically explain an underlying logic to justify that position. Essentially, writing a thesis statement of an argumentative text ties together individual pieces of evidence provided by an author to develop a compelling explanation for an intended audience (Rogers, 2024). In turn, some examples of sentence starters for beginning an argumentative essay are:

• In today’s society, a hot issue of [topic] has sparked considerable debate over [themes].
• A question of whether [topic] is critical because it affects [stakeholders or consequences].
• There is no doubt that [topic] has become a highly controversial subject because [reasons].
• Many people argue that [topic], but evidence suggests [synthesis of evidence].
• One of the most pressing issues of a modern time is [topic], and it demands a careful consideration of [factors].
• While some scholars believe that [counterargument], it is clear that [thesis statement].
• An ongoing discussion about [topic] raises important questions about [related issue].
• It is often assumed that [counterargument], but a closer examination reveals that [thesis statement].
• To fully understand a real impact of [topic], people must first explore key reasons why [thesis statement].
• A hot debate over [controversial topic] has intensified over last ten years, with compelling arguments on both sides, but [thesis statement].

Body Section

Writing a body section of an argumentative essay consists of two distinct parts: supporting evidence and rebuttals. For example, the 5 writing characteristics of an argumentative essay are a clear thesis, logical reasoning, evidence-based support, acknowledgment of counterarguments, and a persuasive conclusion (Koons, 2021). Essentially, supporting evidence may be presented in either a deductive or inductive writing form, and it is dependent on a specific nature of an initial claim. In an argumentative text, the evidence provided to a target audience must build a convincing argument where a link between the evidence and the main claim is apparent (Hackett, 2021). Then, people need to provide rebuttals to main competing ideas to demonstrate some flaws in those lines of thought. Basically, students must provide unbiased reasoning and address alternative positions in a dispute (Rogers, 2024). In writing, there is no preferred order for presenting these sections. However, a target audience should be able to follow a person’s arguments easily. In turn, the principal difference between an expository essay and an argumentative essay is the former explains a topic with facts and information, while the latter presents a stance on an issue and aims to persuade readers with evidence and reasoning.

Challenges in Writing

The main challenge authors face when writing an argumentative essay is avoiding logical fallacies. For example, the 5 steps of an argumentative essay are choosing a debatable topic, crafting a clear thesis, gathering and organizing evidence, addressing counterarguments, and concluding with a strong restatement of a central claim (Rogers, 2024). In writing, fallacies are defects in one’s reasoning, which undermine an argument’s logic. As such, fallacies can easily creep into one’s paper if authors do not carefully assess the supporting evidence. Moreover, logical errors may manifest in various forms, such as a slippery slope and hasty generalization (Koons, 2021). Hence, writing argumentative papers allows students to improve their awareness of weak arguments through critical analysis of their claims. Besides logical fallacies weaken any argument because they create platforms for a critic. In turn, the key difference between argumentative and narrative/descriptive essays is that the former aims to persuade with evidence and reasoning, while the latter focuses on storytelling or vividly describing a person, place, or event.

Argumentative essays are important because they provide a valid framework for a scientific critic. For example, the best definition of an argumentative text is a piece of writing that presents a clear position on a debatable issue, supported by evidence and reasoning, with a goal of persuading a reader (Hackett, 2021). In particular, a scientific disagreement may arise because of issues, such as a generality of an argument, questionable methodology, and a presence of alternative interpretations of findings. On the other hand, argumentative writing ensures students can adequately defend their reasoning when disagreeing with some conclusions of other studies (Koons, 2021). In writing a conclusion section of an argumentative essay, people should restate a thesis, summarize key points made in a body, and provide a final thought or call to action that reinforces their position. As a result, a crucial demand for objectivity and logic in an argument ensures any disagreement in a scientific community is handled in a civilized manner.

A principal basis of argumentative papers is a specific aim of authors to affect the minds of readers. Basically, argumentative essay examples are sample papers that present a clear thesis on a debatable topic supported by evidence and reasoning while addressing and refuting opposing viewpoints (Kleemola et al., 2022). In writing, 3 conventional approaches to an argument are classical, Rogerian, and Toulmin, with different types of structures. Firstly, a classical argument emphasizes evidence and refutation to convince an opponent, dating back to Socrates and Aristotle’s 400 BC ancient Greece (Koons, 2021). Basically, refutation means disapproving of a main argument that is likely to challenge a person’s claim. Secondly, a Rogerian argument aims for a “win-win” negotiation, where neither an author nor an opposing viewpoint is wrong (Hackett, 2021). In essence, this writing type of argument emphasizes some areas where an author and an opposing argument have something in common, such as values and beliefs. Finally, a Toulmin argument underscores an author’s evidence and its strength in proving his or her claim (Rogers, 2024). In turn, common writing types of argumentative essays include:

Standard Writing Structures of Argumentative Essays

2-Point Argument Essay Structure

I. Introduction

Here, a student introduces his or her topic and a thesis statement, which is a central claim.

II. Body Paragraph 1

Here, a student presents a first point and supporting evidence.

III. Body Paragraph 2

Here, a student presents a second point and supporting evidence.

IV. Body Paragraph 3

Here, a student refutes a first argument (counterargument 1) from an opposing viewpoint.

V. Body Paragraph 4

Here, a student refutes a second argument (counterargument 2) from an opposing viewpoint.

VI. Conclusion

Here, a student concludes an argumentative by restating a thesis.

2-Point Refutation Essay Structure

Here, an author introduces a topic and a thesis statement, which is a central claim.

Here, an author refutes a first argument (counterargument 1) from an opposing viewpoint.

Here, an author refutes a second argument (counterargument 2) from an opposing viewpoint.

Here, an author presents a first point and supporting evidence.

Here, an author presents a second point and supporting evidence

Here, an author concludes an argumentative essay by restating a thesis.

A Structure of a Combination of Arguments With Refutations

Here, a person introduces a topic and a thesis statement, which is a central claim.

Here, a person presents a first point and supporting evidence, which also refutes a first counterargument.

Here, a person presents a second point and supporting evidence, refuting a second counterargument.

Here, a person presents a third point and supporting evidence, which also refutes a third counterargument.

V. Conclusion

Here, a person concludes an argumentative essay by restating a thesis.

Outlines and Templates

Classical Argumentative Essay Outline and Template

Here, a student focuses on capturing a reader’s attention by using a hook to introduce a topic with a thesis claim.

II. Statement of Background

Here, a student provides readers with an explanation of a context of a theme, an aspect that fosters a reader’s understanding of a topic.

III. Proposition

In this section, a student states a claim (thesis) based on the information presented and provides key points that will be used to support a central claim.

In this section, a student presents key reasons, sub-claims, and evidence.

V. Refutation

Here, a student anticipates and refutes counterarguments, which indicates that an issue is considered thoroughly, while a conclusion part is the most reasonable.

Here, a student summarizes key points and makes a final appeal to values, motivations, and feelings to persuade readers to identify themselves with a paper’s main argument.

Rogerian Argumentative Essay Outline and Template

I. Introduction of Problem

Here, an author presents a topic as a problem and raises suggestions for influencing positive change by using a thesis statement.

II. Summary of Opposing Views

In this section, an author embraces an accurate and neutral stance in stating views that disagree with a thesis.

III. Statement of Understanding

Here, an author shows readers that they understand that there are situations in which opposing views are valid and lets readers understand under which conditions.

IV. Position Statement

Here, an author states his or her own position after persuading readers that they have given full consideration to opposing views.

V. Statement of Contexts

Here, an author describes situations that can persuade readers to agree with his or her position by outlining some merits of a central argument in specific contexts.

V. Statement of Benefits (Conclusion)

In this section, an author appeals to an opposing viewpoint by showing how it would benefit from accepting his or her position.

Toulmin Argument Essay Outline and Template

I. Data (Introduction)

Here, a person presents facts or evidence to prove a main argument.

Here, a person writes a statement that captures an argumentative thesis.

III. Warrants

This section indicates a person’s general, hypothetical logical statements that link a claim and a data.

IV. Qualifiers

This section presents a person’s statements that propose conditions that justify an argument.

V. Rebuttals

Here, a person highlights counterarguments.

VI. Backing (Conclusion)

Here, a person challenges rebuttals by presenting statements that support warrants. In turn, these statements do not necessarily prove a thesis when concluding an argumentative essay, but they prove an overall validity of warrants.

High School Level

Classical Argumentative Essay

• Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence: A Necessary Debate
• Is a Wage Gap a Reality or an Illusion?
• Is Gun Control Possible in the US?
• Does Owning a Gun Constitute a Right or a Privilege?

Rogerian Essay

• Does Marijuana Legalization Make a Medical or Economic Sense?
• Should There Be a Separation of Religion and Government?
• Is Single-Sex Education Necessary?

Toulmin Essay

• Is Technology Useful or Harmful to Young Children’s Development?
• Do Social Movements, Such as Black Lives Matter and #MeToo, Promote Iinclusiveness or Division?
• What Is a Greatest Threat to an Integrity of a Natural Environment?

College Level

• Pros and Cons of Self-Driving Vehicles: Evaluating Safety and Efficiency
• Influence of Violence in Video Games
• Roles of Technology in Enhancing Educational Outcomes
• Is Technology a Distraction?
• Is Facebook Still Relevant, or Has It Lost Its Edge?
• Should Companies Surveil Employees’ Use of Social Media?
• Should Companies Fire Employees for What They Post on Social Media Platforms?
• Is There a Moral Justification for Obscuring One’s Identity Online?
• What Are Key Dangers of Cyberbullying for Both Victims and Perpetrators?
• Which Is More Useful to Student Academic Success Between Virtual and Classroom Learning?
• Does Digitization of Class Content Encourage or Discourage Reading Among College Students?
• Should Colleges Allow Instructors to Provide Course Content to Students via Cellphones and Tablets?

University Level

• Impacts of Technology on Society
• Roles of Parental Attachment in Child Development
• Should Higher Learning Institutions Screen Students for Substance Use?
• Are Standardized Tests Necessary or Outdated?
• Do Standardized Tests Give an Accurate Assessment of One’s Abilities?
• Influence of Technology on Modern Education
• Should Schools Be Allowed to Offer Students Cash Bonuses for Good Test Scores?
• Do School Holidays Impact Students’ Academic Performance?
• Does a School Environment Foster or Hamper Young People’s Creativity?
• Is Arts Education Beneficial?
• Is a Teacher-Student Relationship a Predictor of Students’ Academic Success?
• Should Parents Contribute to Curriculum Development?

Master’s Level

• The Ethical Implications of Gene Editing: A Paradigm Shift in Medicine
• Balancing School Curriculum: Is Art Education as Important as Science?
• Mandatory Vaccinations: A Public Health Necessity or Personal Liberty Infringement?
• Does Inclusiveness in Schools Benefit “General Education” Students?
• Do Standardized Tests Determine a Student’s Level of Knowledge?
• Does Higher Education Promote or Kill Innovation in an Individual?
• Do Gender Stereotypes Exist in Education?
• How Does Parental Poverty Affect a Child’s Education?
• Should One Refuse Medical Treatment Because of Religious Beliefs?
• Is Parental Consent Necessary in Teenagers’ Decision to Have a Tattoo?
• Is ‘Mercy Killing’ Moral?
• Who Is to Blame for Childhood Obesity in America Between the Government and Parents?

Ph.D. Level

• Importance of Dream Analysis in Understanding Subconscious Thoughts
• Did Mormons Have an Impact on America as a Society?
• Was War Necessary for a separation of the Southern States from the Union?
• What Was Slavery’s Contribution to the American Economy?
• Was the Federal Reserve to Blame for the Great Depression?
• What Is the Most Controversial Amendment of the US Constitution?
• Does Immigration Promote or Undermine a National Economy?
• Is There a Connection Between Concepts of Illegal Immigration and Runaway Crime in the US?
• Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Benefit From a Public Education System?
• What Is a Real Impact of Immigration Between Fostering Diversity and Threatening Indigenous Culture?

Practical Examples of Written Outlines

Classical Argumentative Essay Structure

I. Introduction: An importance of vocational training for inmates.

II. Background: Most inmates lack personal development skills, which explains a high number of inmates serving time for drug-related charges.

III. Proposition: Exposing inmates to vocational training reduces chances of reoffending (recidivism).

IV. Proof: Research shows that ex-offenders who get employed or those who engage in economic activities rarely get arrested for criminal involvement.

V. Refutation: There is no evidence that individuals with vocational training do not engage in criminal activities.

VI. Conclusion: Exposing inmates to vocational training is the best approach when it comes to reducing chances of reoffending (recidivism) after release from prison.

Rogerian Argumentative Essay Structure

I. Problem: A growing number of fast-food joints is to blame for increasing rates of teenage obesity in the United States (US).

II. Summary of Opposing Views: American teens eat more from home than at fast-food joints.

III. Statement of Understanding: There is a high probability that fast-food joints contribute to a culture of unhealthy eating in the US.

IV. Statement of a Student’s Position: A growing number of fast-food restaurants is to blame for the rising rates of obesity among American teenagers.

V. Statement of Contexts: Evidence shows that American teens see fast-food joints as places for social connection, an aspect that increases their exposure to unhealthy foods.

VI. Statement of Benefits: By regulating a general number of fast-food restaurants in a city, official authorities can reduce teenage exposure to unhealthy foods.

Toulmin Argumentative Essay Structure

I. Data: An excellent weather in Miami has seen a number of foreign tourists this year doubled from last year’s.

II. Claim: Weather is a significant factor in holiday-goers’ destination choice.

III. Warrants: There is a higher likelihood that a family would choose a place with warm weather as a holiday destination.

IV. Qualifiers: A primary reason for holidaymaking is to enjoy oneself, which includes engaging in outdoor activities. Good weather makes this happen.

V. Rebuttals: Weather is a natural phenomenon that is sometimes unpredictable.

VI. Backing: Despite a possibility that a weather can change abruptly, considering it is an essential activity for anyone planning on going for a holiday or even out of town.

Short Writing Example of a Toulmin Essay Format

There is emerging evidence that cruelty against animals is an accepted fact in a pursuit of specimens for use in animal research (data). In this case, a thought that a scientific community is indifferent to a cruelty involved in a search for specimens for use in experiments is enough to compel the United States (US) Congress to ban animal research (claim). Moreover, morality demands that society should place a higher premium on animals’ well-being than profits or scientific advancement (warrant). As things stand, it is only Congress that can bring about change through legislation (warrant). Then, a reason as to why Congress should intervene in this matter is because it is the only institution that corporations cannot influence through lobbying (backing). Moreover, a fact that there has been a public uproar makes it difficult for congressional members to be swayed by corporate lobbyists from enacting the law (backing). For clarity purposes, this ban should not apply to medical research (qualifier). In turn, a law that bans all research would be counterproductive since human civilization has relied on science to advance in many areas (rebuttal). As such, it would be incumbent upon congressional members to craft a law that specifies what kinds of research are illegalized (backing).

Complete Argumentative Essay Example

What to include.

Common Mistakes

• Lack of a Clear Thesis Statement: Without a strong, specific thesis, an argumentative essay lacks focus and direction for writing.
• Ignoring Counterarguments: Failing to acknowledge opposing views weakens a central position by making it seem one-sided.
• Insufficient Evidence: Arguments without proper evidence appear weak and unconvincing, relying too much on opinion.
• Overusing Emotional Appeals: Excessive reliance on emotion instead of logic undermines credibility and fails to persuade rationally.
• Poor Structure and Organization: A disorganized argumentative essay confuses readers and makes a central idea harder to follow.
• Weak or Vague Topic Sentences: Without strong topic sentences, body paragraphs lack clear direction and focus.
• Using Unreliable Sources: Citing unreliable or biased sources can damage an overall credibility of an entire argumentative paper.
• Failing to Explain Evidence: Presenting evidence without explaining its relevance weakens a connection between a claim and support.
• Overgeneralization: Making sweeping claims without considering exceptions or nuances diminishes a paper’s validity.
• Inconsistent Tone or Style: Shifting tone or style can distract readers and break an overall flow of an argument, making it less persuasive.

To write an argumentative essay, people clearly state their thesis, support this stance with evidence and reasoning, address counterarguments, refute them, and conclude by reinforcing their main point. In writing, they must cover a presentation of an argument in a convincing manner by considering certain aspects. Firstly, a position or main claim of an author has to be stated at the beginning of a paper. Secondly, people must provide evidence that supports a chosen position and necessary rebuttals. Finally, an author ensures there are no logical fallacies. Unfortunately, they may undermine an underlying logic of a central argument. Moreover, mastering a critical skill of writing an argumentative essay ensures students can actively engage in scientific criticism. As such, some writing tips include:

• Pick an interesting topic for writing an argumentative essay.
• Research the topic widely.
• Record all the facts.
• Decide which type of argumentative paper to write.
• Craft an argument.
• Formulate a structure.
• Start writing an argumentative composition.

Crossley, S., & Tian, Y. (2022). Argumentation features and essay quality: Exploring relationships and incidence counts. Journal of Writing Research , 14 (1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.17239/jowr-2022.14.01.01

Ferretti, R. P., & Graham, S. (2019). Argumentative writing: Theory, assessment, and instruction. Reading and Writing , 32 (6), 1345–1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-09950-x

Hackett, U. (2021). Brilliant essays . Red Globe Press.

Kleemola, K., Hyytinen, H., & Toom, A. (2022). The challenge of position-taking in novice higher education students’ argumentative writing. Frontiers in Education , 7 , 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.885987

Koons, M. (2021). Writing an argumentative essay: The complete introductory guide to writing an argumentative essay for beginner students . Write Illusion LLC.

Rogers, D. (2024). Writing better essays: A rhetorical guide to writing and revision . Equinox Publishing Ltd.

argumentative essay

What is argumentative essay definition, usage, and literary examples, argumentative essay definition, roots in ancient rhetoric, the five-part argumentative essay, classic models, argumentative vs. expository essays, argumentative essays in education, examples of argumentative essays, further research on argumentative essays, related terms.

An  argumentative essay  [ahr-gyuh-MEN-tuh-tiv ess-ay] is an essay in which the writer uses thorough research to defend their position on a disputable topic. An argumentative essay contains a thesis, multiple body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The body can also include a counterargument.

The argumentative essay format has roots in ancient  rhetoric , which Greco-Romans considered the “art of  persuasion .” While ancient societies primarily used speech to persuade their audiences, modern academics most often use written arguments based on the ancient orators’ classical argument structure.

As detailed in Plato’s  On Rhetoric , a classical argument—similar to an argumentative essay—begins with an introduction ( exordium ), gives necessary  context  ( narratio ), offers the writer’s position and thesis ( proposito  and  partitio ), presents supporting research to confirm the writer’s argument or refute other positions ( confirmatio  and  refutatio ), and ends with a conclusion ( peroration ).

• Thesis and Introduction:  Often only a sentence long, the thesis concisely describes the writer’s position, and the introductory paragraph provides context.
• Body Paragraphs and Counterargument:  There are generally three body paragraphs used to present research that supports the writer’s thesis. They can also include a counterargument that details and refutes opposing positions.
• Conclusion:  This summarizes the writer’s evidential findings and reiterates the thesis.

There are two main models of argumentation: the Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.

The Toulmin Model

British philosopher Stephen Toulmin founded the Toulmin model in his book  The Uses of Argument  (1958). This style of argumentation, an expansion of the classical model, has six major components:

• Claim:  The thesis
• Data : The research supporting the thesis
• Warrant:  An explanation that connects the data and the thesis
• Backing:  Support for the warrant
• Modality:  Confirmation of the arguer’s conviction in the thesis
• Rebuttal :  A counterargument or exceptions to the thesis

The Rogerian Model

Psychotherapist Carl Rogers developed the Rogerian model as a form of rhetoric that favored empathy and multiple  perspectives . This model attempts to weigh each option fairly before persuading its audience. The model consists of the following components:

• Introduction:  Introduction of the topic as a mutual problem
• Opposing Position:  An explanation of the writer’s position that recognizes opposing positions
• Context for Opposing Position:  An outline of the opposing position and confirmation of its validity
• Argued Position: A presentation of the writer’s position
• Context for Position: This offers data that validates writer’s position
• Benefits:  An explanation of how the writer’s position benefits the opposition

Similar to an argumentative essay, an expository essay uses evidence to inform its readers. It teaches readers how to do something, analyzes a topic, gives step-by-step instructions, or describes an event.

Expository essays differ from argumentative essays in that they’re often assigned within a classroom structure, restricting the amount of outside research. The aim of an expository essay is more often to explain something rather than persuade its audience.

Argumentative essays appear primarily as assignments in education and academia. Writing in this form requires that students understand alternative opinions, learn the value of thorough research, and learn to persuade their audiences using evidence.

1. Matthew L. Sanders, “ Becoming a Learner ”

“Becoming a Learner: Realizing the Opportunity of Education” is a 2018 essay by Matthew L. Sanders. In the essay, Sanders argues against the traditional understanding of a college education and suggests students seek out critical and creative thinking skills rather than job marketability. Sanders outlines his thesis clearly:

The primary purpose of college isn’t learning a specific set of professional skills; the primary purpose of college is to become a learner.

2. Margaret Fuller, “ The Great Lawsuit ”

In Fuller’s 1843 essay, she compares the plight of women to that of slaves and argues that women should have the same rights as men:

As men become aware that all men have not had a fair chance, they are inclined to say that no women have had a fair chance.

3. Nicholas Carr, “ Is Google Making us Stupid? ”

In his 2008 essay, Carr uses mostly  anecdotal  evidence to support his thesis. He posits that having access to the internet’s trove of information contributes to an inability to read longer-form materials. In the following excerpt, he presents current research that supports his thesis:

They [University College London] found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from on source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site.

The  Purdue Online Writing Lab  outlines effective argumentative essays.

Find examples of argumentative essays on  LiteraryDevices.net  and  Prepscholar.com .

Masterclass.com  has an argumentative essay step-by-step writing guide available.

• Expository Essay