criminology dissertation ideas on drugs

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167 Top Criminology Dissertation Ideas

Are you taking criminology in college, and it is time to work on your dissertation, but it appears challenging? Many university students get stuck even before starting, but there is no need to worry because we are here to hold your hand. The first, and we must emphasize, most crucial step, is picking the title of your dissertation. So, how do you select the right criminology dissertation topic?

The best title should be unique, interesting, and have ample resources to help you craft a paper that will impress your professor and the assessment committee. To make selecting the best easier, we have picked the hottest 167 criminology dissertation ideas for you. Keep reading to identify the preferred option and use it as it is or tweak a little to fit your preference.

Criminology Dissertation Ideas on Terrorism

Religious ideologies: Can they be a source of terrorism?
Analyzing the relationship between media and terrorism.
Political tensions: Are they to blame for the ever-growing number of militias on the globe?
Comparing the trends of terror in the 19 th and 20 th centuries: A literature review.
What are the leading causes and motivations of terrorism?
Analyzing literature on identity theft and social media.
What motivates women to join ISIS?
Comparing male and female serial killers: What are the main differences?
How does the US respond to terror threats?
The US efforts to combat terror after the 9/11 attack: Are they effective?
Was the US justified in killing Osama Bin Laden instead of taking him to court?
Comparing two known terror networks of your choice in different countries.
Terrorism from the viewpoint of international law.
Islamic charities: Are they the main sources of finance for terrorists?
Are recent attacks by Hamas and Israel acts of terrorism?

Criminology Dissertation Ideas about Drugs

Analyzing the relationship between people of various backgrounds and police.
What are the most effective methods of preventing drug trafficking internationally?
Analyzing the effectiveness of drug courts.
Reversible and irreversible impacts of drug abuse.
People incarcerated for drug abuse: What are the impacts on their children?
Club culture: How does it enhance drug abuse in the society?
Preventing drug abuse in society: Which is more effective between voluntary learning and mandatory examination?
Reviewing the harm done to society by drugs.
Comparing the impacts of cannabis and alcohol on a person’s behavior.
The most abused drugs and their effects on societal behavior.
Cannabis and deviant behavior among youths: What is the relationship?
Cannabis legalization: Is it a good idea? What should we expect in the coming years?
Drug use and youth arrests: A case study of Paris, France.
Comparing drug court operations in the UK and USA.
War on drugs in the US: Can it solve the problem of drug abuse and crime?
Drug testing in school.
The influence of drugs on sexual assaults.
Prostitution: A study of the main risk groups in the UK.
Drug traffic tracking strategies used in the UK.
Drug abuse in prison cells: What are the causes and effects?

Criminal Law EPQ Questions

Harassment in school and workplace: What are the main strategies adopted to address the problem in the UK?
Homicides: A review of motivations that make people kill.
Are the strategies adopted by your state enough to counter juvenile delinquency?
What is the relationship between crime in Texas and people living with mental disorders?
Domestic violence: What are the rights of victims?
How can the marginalized get access to justice? A case study of the Netherlands.
A study of the main types of robberies reported in the US in the 20 th century.
Arson investigations: How do investigators determine whether the fire was deliberate or accidental?
What is the relationship between substance abuse and poor schooling?
What causes addiction among cannabis users?
What is the effectiveness of witness programs in criminal justice? A closer look at the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Robbery: What are the main risk groups, methods of prevention, and prosecution?
What is the effectiveness of the International Criminal Court in achieving its mandate?
Should employers check an all applicants’ criminal history during recruitment?
The extradition law in the United States: Is it fair?
Maximum-security prisons: Are they justified or simply cruel?
A study of incarcerated parent’s responsibilities. How do they cope?

Masters Dissertation Ideas for Criminology

Death penalty in the justice system: Is it effective in crime prevention.
The rising rates of mass shootings in the US: What are the main causes?
Studying the impact of genocidal acts on the cohesiveness of society.
Police shootings: Comparing top three cases in the US and the UK.
Sex offenses: Which are the main risk groups, prevalence, and prevention efforts?
How corruption affects the social, political and economy of a country.
Why are most crimes in the US and UK mainly committed by the youths?
US vs. China’s criminal justice system: What are the main differences?
Are the current US laws on criminology effective?
A review of the British criminology curriculum: What needs to be improved?
Analyzing the relationship between education levels and crime levels in a country of your choice.
What is the relationship between ownership of guns and law violations?
Law enforcement and criminology: What are the differences?
Does racial abuse of international students and immigrants motivate them to join criminal gangs?
Using culture to mold responsible citizens: A case study of communities in Georgia, Europe.

Forensic Psychology Dissertation Ideas

A comprehensive analysis of competence to stand trial concept and its application in the UK.
The age of criminal culpability: A review of the effectiveness of this idea in criminal justice.
The ethics of death penalty: A review of the literature.
Studying the mind of a criminal on death row: What goes in the mind of a person on a death row hours before execution?
Should the death penalty be used on juveniles?
What are the chances that a person on death row can change into a law-abiding citizen?
How does memory impact eyewitness testimony?
Analyzing the strategies used by the justice system to evaluate the reports of eyewitnesses.
Methods used in the UK to protect eyewitnesses.

Criminology Dissertation Ideas Mental Health

What role do guardians play in crime prevention in society?
A review of criminological theory in the US justice system.
A comprehensive analysis of how persons exposed to alcohol perform in different areas of their lives.
Sexual violence use as a weapon of armed conflict: A literature review.
Drug abuse and media: Should media that promote the use of hard drugs be controlled?
How effective are the methods used in rehab to counter drug addiction?
A review of delinquent cases among immigrant teenagers in the UK.
Why do college students engage in cases of arson?
Evaluating how prejudice motivates violence.
Is it possible to remain neutral in mental criminal case trials?
Is it possible to eliminate the problem of drug abuse and related crime?
Solitary confinement for drug traffickers: What are the implications?

Criminology Dissertation Ideas UK

How does the UK government respond to terror threats?
Rehabilitation centers in the UK: What roles do they play in addressing crime?
Racial stereotyping and crime in the UK: What is the relationship?
A discourse evaluation: How has coronavirus shaped crime in the UK?
Do urban settings in the UK act as breeding grounds for criminals?
A critical review of the police force and crime in the UK.
Interrogation by police officers: How does it work?
A study of the main categories of crime in the UK.
A review of the latest innovations in experimental criminology.
Identify theft in the UK: What are the main consequences for perpetrators?
Online child predators: How effective are the UK laws in protecting children?
Is it possible to have a crime-free society?
Which crime has a greater impact on society in the UK? Comparing street crimes and white-collar crimes.
A review of the main principles applied in crime prevention in the UK justice system.

Controversial Criminology Dissertation Topics

The less explored world of male rape in the society.
Abortion: Should it be categorized as a crime?
Parental separation: How does it result in future violence?
Information sharing technology: How does it help fight the problem of terrorism?
Back lives matter campaigns: Were they marred with violence instead of search for justice?
Coronavirus has accelerated crime in the society more than any other time in the past.
Do prisons help to correct bad behavior for the incarcerated?
Facebook helps to encourage more negative behavior than promoting socialization.
Domestic violence: Who suffers more between men and women?
Human trafficking has one main role of sexual exploitation.
On domestic violence, the law is subjective on males.
The government should increase the age limit for citizens to acquire national IDs.
Social media is the main source of moral panic in society.
Music is a major contributor to crime in society.

Criminology Dissertation Ideas on Domestic Violence

Theoretical perspectives on domestic violence.
Applying the control balance theory in domestic violence.
Popular culture and domestic violence: Are they related?
The effects of homelessness on domestic violence: A case study of Texas.
A review of cross-cultural perspectives on domestic violence.
Comparing the rates of domestic violence in the US and India.
Trends of domestic violence in Spain.
Analyzing the main legal issues for women who are victims of domestic violence.
A review of domestic violence within the military families.
Analyzing police decision-making factors when dealing with domestic cases.
Male victims of domestic violence: Why do most of them opt to keep quiet and stick with abusive partners?
Mothers who kill: What are the motivating factors?
Postpartum depression and domestic violence: How are they related?

Interesting Criminology Dissertation Titles

Comparing the impacts of crime to those of natural disasters: A literature review.
Is the education system in the globe failing in shaping good morals?
A review of sexual aggression by women in ASIA.
Acquainting rape perpetrators on bail terms: Is it acceptable? What does the law say?
Regulating prostitution in the society: Is it enough to reduce crime?
Corruption comes from limitations.
A study of the connections between law violation and family status.
Prostitution regulation: Can it stop crime?
Use of expert testimony in domestic violence cases.
Should we ban police from carrying guns in public?
How does systemic bias impact criminal justice?
Genetics: A comprehensive review of illegal researches and associated dangers.
Assessing the effectiveness of street lighting in reducing crime.
What role do psychometric assessments play in criminal justice?
Is crime rate related to neighborhoods? A literature review.
How has counterfeiting changed with the development of new technologies?

Criminology Dissertation Ideas about Prisons

Forced labor among prisoners: Is it a good method of correction?
Why is drug violence a problem in many US jails?
A review of prison gangs in a prison of your choice.
Training correctional officers in the UK: How effective is the training in enhancing the efficiency of correctional facilities?
A review of the efforts used to address child molesters in prison.
A review of study programs offered in prisons.
Healthcare system in the UK prisons: Is it effective?
A review of police corruption in prisons: Comparing the prisons in the 19 th and 20 th centuries.
What are the main causes of high recidivism in the US?
How do women end up in prisons? A review of common causes.
Prisons through the UK history.
How well are inmates prepared for re-entry into the society after serving jail terms?
Racial profiling in the US prisons.
Aggressive behavior: How is it related to criminal tendencies?
Comparing human trafficking in the modern and classic worlds: What are the main differences?
Comparing women’s recidivism rates in the US to those of Australia.

Knife Crime Dissertation Titles

Knife crime in the US: Applying the criminology theory.
Comparing knife crimes in Europe and Asia
What are the motivating factors for knife criminals?
Knife laws in the US: Analyzing the effectiveness of the pocket knife rules & laws.
Comparing the knife rules of the United States to those of the UK.
A review of knife crimes trends in the 21 st century.

Criminology Dissertation Help by Best Writers a Click Away

Now that we have looked at the best titles, from terrorism dissertation ideas to criminology topics on drugs, have you picked the preferred option? If “yes,” you are one step in the right direction. However, the next step of writing the dissertation is longer and requires a deep understanding of criminology. You also need excellent writing skills, time, and access to all the required resources. If you do not have the combination of all the above, which happens regularly to most students, you have a way out – seeking help from the best writers online. Our custom writing service stands taller than others because we have top-notch ENL writers who stop at nothing in ensuring clients get high grades. They have a lot of experience in the discipline and can work on any topic, from criminology and psychology dissertation ideas to terrorism-related topics. Again, they are fast and can easily beat even the toughest deadline. Our service is also cheap. Do not let the criminology dissertation stress you in any way – our expert can help you complete it professionally and fast too!

213 Criminology Dissertation Ideas And Thesis Titles

Finding criminology topics is not as easy as pulling out an essay idea from any website. It requires students to go the extra mile to investigate a particular problem and derive a professional topic. Does this give you chills already? Well, our expert UK writers have prepared a list that will earn you high grades. Make sure to pick one that will impress your stingy criminology professor to the core!

Criminology Topics: What Do They Entail?

Criminology focuses on examining crime from a social perspective with a close lens at the perpetrator of the crime, their motive, effects, and prevention. As you will note in the list of writing ideas below, criminology also studies human behaviour about crime.

Since criminologists go to the extent of looking at the social roots and impacts of a crime, they also s-encompass other fields of study such as philosophy and anthropology. The combination of all these methods leads to a precise determination of the root cause of criminal behaviour. They will therefore be able to determine effective and practical ways of preventing its occurrence in the future.

For you to have a top-rated criminology paper, ensure that you:

First, understand the task at hand
Collect relevant details to furnish your paper with
Outline your criminology paper
Structure your ideas into sections
Abide by the formatting requirements of your college or university
Maintain originality throughout your paper
Reference and cite your sources well

The result of this is a brilliant criminology paper that will earn you a spot on the top of your class leaderboard. Do you want to try out our sample criminology dissertation titles? Here is your unique opportunity now!

Top-Notch Criminology Dissertation Ideas

Why are the majority of crimes committed by the youths?
Reasons why men are more prone to commit crime than women
What to improve in the British criminology curriculum
Is it possible to develop a society without crime?
How does the environment motivate one towards criminal behaviour?
Evaluate the role of music in enhancing crime
Are the current laws on criminology effective enough?
Why do college and university students engage in cases of arson?
Predisposing factors behind the activities of serial killers
The role of guardians and societal leaders in preventing crime
Possible causes of rape and other indecent sexual behaviour
Discuss the relationship between crime and punishment in the past decade
Are criminology related laws implemented to the latter?
The role of specialized police units in preventing crime
Why the internet is a harbour for vigorous criminal activity
How to detect domestic violence before it occurs
Innovative ways of dealing with social disorders in a community
Why serial crimes always present a complex puzzle to solve for investigators

Criminology Dissertation Ideas Mental Health

The role of trauma in forcing one to commit a crime
Evaluate the association between mental illness and crime
Possible mental disorders that make teenagers commit crimes
Using community-based treatment centres to help people with mental cases
A global perspective on the mental health of sexual offenders
How anxiety and depression may cause one to premeditate committing murder
Impact of detrimental mental health problems on a person’s conduct
The relationship between aggressive behaviour and mental disorders
Traumatic experiences that may trigger criminal activities
How the media impacts the mental health of a person in committing a crime
Ways of promoting a healthy mental state in a society
How phobias prevent or trigger people about crime
The role of a mental check-up in a criminal investigation
Can an illegal fake a mental disorder to evade punishment?
Importance of mental therapies for criminals charged with murder

Criminology And Psychology Dissertation Ideas

How attitudes and emotions compel people to criminal behaviour
Impact of domestic violence on a child’s aggressive behaviour
A psychological examination of people who start trouble every time
How race is a critical factor in the police’s judgment of criminal activity
The role of forensic psychology in criminal investigations
A psychological view of the gender-based violence against women
Psychological disorders as a result of divorce may lead to crime
How parenting styles affect a child’s behaviour: A case of poor parenting
Discuss criminal intent based on a psychological disorder
How drug abuse contributes to crime as a result of psychological dysfunction
How attitudes towards criminal justice shape people’s behaviours
Why most employers are reluctant to employ people with past criminal records
Discuss criminal psychology with communist states
Current trends and practices in crime related to psychology
Compare and contrast situation and premeditated child abuse

Custom Criminology Dissertation Topics

Do criminals get justice after being sentenced?
How to investigate a serial crime in a society
Techniques used in monitoring people with suspecting criminal behaviour
Evaluate the role of private detectives in solving societal crimes
How the neighbourhood topography relates to illegal activities
Best approaches to combating crimes committed by gangs
The part of the police in keeping society safe and peaceful
How the mental health of women relates to aggressive behaviour at a times
Predisposing factors behind human traffickers and children abductors
Should the government enact more laws to curb domestic violence?
The role of modern technologies in complicating criminal investigations
How schools can enhance good morals among students at a tender age
Do suspensions act as a cause for violence in the future among students?
How to deal with protests and violence in a school setting
How the use of force only serves to stir up crime

First-Class Dissertation Ideas For Criminology

Policing strategies that wage war against smuggling of goods
The role of the US-Mexican border in combating criminal activities
How marginalization leads to the discrimination of various people
An analysis of the genocides in the past decade: What caused them?
What motivates young men to join gangs and other criminal groups?
How does alcohol catalyze sexual assaults?
The relationship between crime and LGBT groups
The implication of racial profiling in causing criminal activities
A critical review of how the US government responds to mass shootings
Gun ownership policies that will make America safe
The role of corruption in facilitating illegal underground activity
How the economic state of a country can lead to crime
Discuss the relationship between oil and civic disorder
Historical factors that have necessitated crime in the 21 st century
The contribution of propaganda and Yellow Journalism to crime

Criminology Dissertation Ideas On Terrorism

Evaluate the response of the US forces towards terrorist activities
Implications of the 9/11 attack on the safety of airlines
Discuss the relationship between radicalization and terrorism
Ways in which ISIS lures young men into joining them
How technology has helped advance terrorist activities in the country
Assess the impact of terrorism on religious profiling of people
Why terrorist activities are most prevalent in urban centres
How terrorists instil fear on their victims
Has the coronavirus slowed down terrorist activities?
Exploring the role of attitude in fueling terrorist activities towards certain countries
Reasons why the media can serve as a super-spreader of fear during terrorist attacks
Ways of detecting terrorist plans before they come of age
Significant strides made in the war against terrorism in Africa
The role of intelligence services in combating terrorism
A critical analysis of the bombings on the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

Criminology Dissertation Ideas About Drugs

The role of drug rehabilitation centres in reducing criminal activities
A critical evaluation of heroin and cocaine users
The impact of legalizing marijuana on criminal behaviour
Is there a thin line between drug abuse and violence?
How to curb drug and substance abuse among college students
The role of the media in sensitizing society against the adverse effects of drugs
How the doping technology can help curb drug and substance abuse
How drug abuse is a stepping stone to high crime rates in developing nations
Explore the different types of crimes resulting from drug abuse
What are the possible ways of eradicating corruption caused by criminal behaviour?
Why it is difficult for drug addicts to go for guiding and counselling
Impacts of excessive drug abuse on one’s mental state
Why most gangs are associated with drug and substance abuse
Post-traumatic drug disorders that lead to criminal activities
Most commonly abused drugs by teens in the United Kingdom

The Best Criminology Dissertation Ideas UK

Government policies that are curtailing the spread of criminal behaviour
How the UK government is dealing with criminals of any kind
Are the court systems in the UK doing enough to curb crime?
Describe the application of the social learning theory in reducing crime
How a criminal investigator develops a perspective on a particular crime
How developed economies are handling corruption-related cases
The standards of correctional facilities in the United Kingdom and their effectiveness
An investigation of the legal policies against crime in Britain
Compare and contrast criminal activity in UK suburbs and those of America
A critical review of past illegal activity in Britain over the last five years
Perceptions and attitudes towards UK criminal investigators
How antisocial behaviour relates to illegal activities
Are introverts more prone to crime than extroverts?
A study of the UK media and its implication on crime
How criminal investigative exposes have led to the arrest of various criminals

Criminology Dissertation Ideas On Domestic Violence

Multiple forms of domestic violence in the 21 st century: A case of sexual and verbal abuse
Acts that lead to psychological intimidation in domestic violence
Economic impacts of domestic violence
Does the word ‘abuse’ downplay the severity of domestic violence acts?
Are domestic violence acts ‘terroristic’ in nature?
Social structures that reinforce the suppression of women
The growing cases of male abuse in the recent days
An analysis of the various aspects of domestic violence
The role of writers in speaking out against domestic violence
How to look out for warning signs in the case of domestic violence
Do victims of domestic violence find a safe place to talk without judgment?
Discuss the implications of the Domestic Abuse Bill in the UK
How to address the needs of survivors and their families
The role of society in holding perpetrators of domestic violence accountable
The role of grants and government funding in supporting anti-domestic violence movements

Criminology Dissertation Ideas About Prisons

Do prisons deny inmates their human rights?
Investigate reports of sexual abuse in prisons
Why murderers should not be in one prison facility with other offenders
Are prisons breeding grounds for criminal activity?
Compare and contrast crime in female and male prisons
The role of prison wardens in shaping the conduct of prisoners
Should all offenders be kept in one prison irrespective of their crimes?
Is denying prisoners visitations a catalyst for their aggressive behaviour?
The role of society in helping criminals change
How prison wardens contribute to crime in prisons
Should all correctional facilities be outside significant cities?
Should convicts of life sentences stay with those of shorter sentences?
An analysis of cases of convicts killed in prisons
What should determine the suitability of an officer as a prison warden?
How should inmates relate with the prison wardens?

Forensic Psychology Dissertation Ideas

Technological advances in forensic psychology and its impacts
The procedure of investigating a crime using forensic psychology
Compare and contrast the use of forensic psychology on men versus women
Different approaches to forensic psychology in criminology
Do we have enough forensic psychologists?
How does genetics affect forensic psychology?
Factors affecting eyewitness identification performance
A study on male victims of partner violence
Investigate the jury decision-making process based on forensic psychology
A study of knowledge and attitudes towards conduct disorder
How race affects psychotherapeutic performance
Examine the association between psychosis and being a migrant
Using a measurement scale to assess psychopathic personality traits
How personality functioning may predict a person’s engagement in cyberstalking
The collateral consequences of money bail

Latest Knife Crime Dissertation Titles

What happens when the police become criminals?
The impact of cybercrime on international peace and security
Unearthing the underworld of hardcore teenage crimes
How some police office rob banks and participate in serious crimes
Dealing with drug trafficking in the technological era
A comparative analysis of European law enforcement agencies
Using children as witnesses in a criminal case: Is it ethical?
Discuss the role of psychological intervention for criminals
Analyze the rise of militia uprisings
Impact of political tensions on criminal activities
How the media stereotypes young people as criminals
Social insecurity and brutality
Impact of forced labour on correcting detainees: Does it help?
Does the media exaggerate terrorism activities?
Cultural values that can shape the morals of a society

Additional Terrorism Dissertation Ideas

Is white supremacy terrorism?
How domestic terrorism has risen in the US over the past few months
The role of the UN Mission in keeping terrorists at bay
How to cut off funding for terrorist activities
How terrorism has become a threat to human existence
How to prevent young men from joining terrorist groups
Why terrorists take hostages and threaten to detonate bombs
Psychological implications of terrorism activities
Can someone who has been a terrorist fit into society again?
Discuss the breeding of local terrorism in countries
Counter-terrorism measures that work
The role of surveillance in countering terrorism activities
How terrorism creeps into conflict zones
How the rule of law can help eliminate terrorism
How to empower minors against terrorism
The role of community anti-terrorism awareness programs
How terrorists cause insubordination and waywardness

Criminal Law EPQ Questions

Proactive policing
Pretext stops and charter remedies
Working with virtual legal assistants
The part of the sedition law
Analyze the right to protest
Is life imprisonment a myth?
State’s role in regulating crimes against women
Appeal to the death sentence
Laws about custody and maintenance of minors
Are Promissory notes and Bills of Exchange the same?
What is the difference between fatal and non-fatal offences?
Are ideas protected under copyright?
What is a crime of passion?

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Dissertation Example

Are you a student of criminology? Do you dream of uncovering the truth behind some of society's most perplexing crimes? You're in luck!

If you are studying criminal justice, sociology, or related fields, criminology dissertations are a great achievement.

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Get 3+ Free Criminology Dissertation Topics within 24 hours . Crafting a successful dissertation can take months, and this makes it essential to start out on the right foot. That's why we've assembled this guide on crafting a criminology dissertation in order to make the writing experience as easy and successful as possible. Visit our criminology dissertation examples pdf mentioned below to gain a better understanding. Example: 1 Investigating Cyberbullying and its Impact on Adolescent's Mental Health

Example: 2 Analysing the Abuse of Corporate Veil: A Comparative Analysis Note : Below is a complete guide with some more examples and tips for you to ace the skill of dissertation writing in economics.

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What is a Criminology Dissertation?

A criminology dissertation is a research paper that focuses on the study of criminal behaviour and its causes, consequences, and prevention techniques. It provides an in-depth analysis of a specific issue related to crime and society.

When writing a dissertation, you may wonder: What topics can I choose?

Well, the possibilities are nearly endless!

You can explore the social implications of specific crimes, analyze policies and laws related to criminal justice, discuss theories of punishment, or examine the effectiveness of correctional programs.

Don't forget to include some real-world examples to support your arguments. When done right, your criminology dissertation can be a great asset in helping you get into grad school or land a job in law enforcement.

Criminology Dissertation Examples

If you are looking for the best criminology thesis title example for 2023, so you can consider the following suggestions:

PhD Criminology Dissertation Examples

Exploring the Relationship between Neighborhood Characteristics and Crime Rates: A Criminological Study
The Impact of Incarceration on Families: A Criminological Analysis of the Collateral Consequences of Mass Incarceration
Assessing the Effectiveness of Community Policing Strategies: A Criminological Evaluation of Program Implementation and Outcomes
Examining the Relationship between Gender and Crime: A Criminological Analysis of the Role of Socialization and Power Dynamics
The Politics of Crime Control: A Criminological Analysis of the Role of Ideology and Power in Criminal Justice Policy
The Impact of Technology on Criminal Behavior: A Criminological Study of Cybercrime and Digital Forensics
Exploring the Role of Social Networks in Criminal Activity: A Criminological Analysis of Gangs and Organized Crime
Assessing the Impact of Restorative Justice on Recidivism: A Criminological Evaluation of Program Implementation and Outcomes

Master Criminology Dissertation Examples

The Role of Social Media in Facilitating Hate Crimes: A Criminological Analysis
The Criminalization of Homelessness: A Criminological Analysis of Anti-Homeless Ordinances and their Impact on Vulnerable Populations
The Influence of Masculinity on Violent Crime: A Criminological Exploration
Police Use of Force: A Comparative Criminological Analysis of Practices in the United States and Europe
The Impact of Community-Based Corrections Programs on Recidivism Rates: A Criminological Evaluation
The Criminology of Environmental Crime: An Exploration of Corporate Crime and Environmental Harm
The Role of Family Dynamics in Juvenile Delinquency: A Criminological Analysis of Risk Factors and Protective Factors
The Intersection of Immigration and Crime: A Criminological Analysis of Public Discourse and Policy

Undergraduate Criminology Dissertation Example

The Relationship between Gun Ownership and Crime Rates: A Case Study
Exploring the Impact of Victim-Offender Mediation on Restorative Justice: A Case Study
The Impact of Racial Profiling on Policing Practices: A Case Study
The Influence of Media Portrayals on Perceptions of Crime: A Case Study
The Impact of Technology on Policing Practices: A Criminological Analysis of Surveillance and Privacy
The Relationship between Substance Abuse and Crime: A Case Study
The Criminology of White-Collar Crime: A Case Study of Enron Fraud

How to Write a Criminology Dissertation Example?

Criminology is a field that has long been concerned with understanding the causes and consequences of crime. And writing a dissertation is an important component of a criminology degree. However, writing a dissertation can be a daunting task, especially for those who are new to the process.

The component is listed and discussed below:

Topic selection
Data Analysis

Literature Review

Methodology

Findings /Discussion

A. Topic Selection For Criminology Dissertation

Selecting a criminology dissertation topic can be a challenging task, but it is also an opportunity to explore an area of interest and contribute to the field of criminology. Your criminology dissertation topic should be meaningful, relevant, and original. With careful consideration and planning, you can select a criminology dissertation topic that will contribute to the field and help you achieve your academic and professional goals.

B. Criminology Dissertation Data Analysis

Data analysis is a big task after finalizing a dissertation topic. This process involves using various statistical and analytical techniques to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. The purpose of data analysis is to answer the research questions that were posed in the dissertation, as well as to provide insights into the broader field of criminology.

C. Criminology Dissertation Literature Review

The literature review is an important component of any dissertation; it provides complete existing research, identifies gaps in the literature, and highlights areas where new research is needed.

The literature review is a critical component of a criminology dissertation, as it provides the context for the research, justifies the significance of the research question, and highlights the original contribution of the research to the field of criminology.

D. Methodology for Criminology Dissertation

Choosing the right methodology is crucial for a compelling dissertation in criminology. The methodology section should provide a clear and detailed description of the research process, including the procedures that will be used to ensure the reliability and validity of the data. It should also justify the chosen methods by explaining how they align with the research questions and contribute to the broader field of criminology.

E. Discussion for Criminology Dissertation

Discussion is a critical component of the dissertation, as it provides an opportunity to evaluate the research study's contributions to the field of criminology, identify areas for improvement, and suggest future research directions. The discussion section should be written in a clear and concise manner and should demonstrate the student's understanding of the significance and implications of the research findings.

F. Result of Criminology Dissertation

The results section of a criminology dissertation presents the findings of the research study. The primary objective of the results section is to provide a clear and concise description of the research findings, which should be presented in a logical and organized manner.

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Criminology dissertation example: a case study.

Topic: The Criminology of White-Collar Crime: A Case Study of Enron Fraud

White-collar crime, particularly corporate fraud, is a significant problem in many countries, leading to severe economic consequences and public distrust in the financial system. This research paper examines the criminology of white-collar crime, using a case study of corporate fraud as an illustration. The study investigates the causes and consequences of corporate fraud, as well as the legal and regulatory responses to such crimes. Using a qualitative approach, the research draws upon secondary data from academic articles, government reports, and media sources to analyze the Enron scandal as a case study of corporate fraud. The paper concludes that corporate fraud is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon involving a range of factors, including organisational culture, individual behaviour, regulatory failure, and societal attitudes towards wealth and power.

Primary Aim and Objective

The case study aims to provide an analysis of the Enron scandal as an illustration of the criminology of white-collar crime, examining the causes and consequences of the Enron fraud, including the role of Enron's organizational culture, corporate governance structure and regulatory environment in facilitating the crime. It also seeks to identify the key features of the Enron scandal that make it a case of white gun crime, such as accounting loopholes and special purpose entities to manipulate financial statements, insider trading, and other forms of financial deception. The study also assesses the legal and regulatory responses to the Enron scandal and the criminal prosecutions of executives and evaluates their effectiveness in deterring future white-white crime. The objective of this case study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of White-collar Crime and to inform future efforts to prevent and deter such crimes.

White-collar crime is a subject of extensive research and debate in criminology and related fields. Scholars have examined the causes, consequences, and regulatory responses to white-collar crime, as well as its impact on society and the economy. This literature review provides a summary of the key themes and debates in the field of white-collar crime, focusing on their relevance to the Enron scandal as a case of corporate fraud.

This case study examines the Enron scandal as a case of white-collar crime, drawing on relevant literature, secondary sources, and legal documents. The research uses a qualitative approach to identify key themes and patterns in the data, such as the causes and consequences of the fraud, as well as the legal and regulatory responses to the crime. The analysis is based on a critical criminology perspective, which emphasises the social, economic, and political factors that contribute to the Commission on White-collar Crime. To mitigate the limitations of the available data and the potential biases in the sources consulted, the study draws on multiple sources of data and examines them critically to develop a comprehensive understanding of the Enron scandal and its implications for the Criminology of white.-collar crime.

The Enron scandal highlighted the importance of organisational and structural factors in facilitating white-collar crime, the use of complex financial instruments such as special purpose entities and accounting loopholes, and the economic, social, and political consequences of white.-collar crime. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and increased enforcement efforts, however, have yet to be debated about their effectiveness. The findings of this case study demonstrate the need for a qualitative approach that takes into account the wider economic and political context and the role of these factors in facilitating such crime.

The Enron scandal provides a powerful case study of the criminology of white-collar crime and its implications for society and the economy. The findings of this study highlight the importance of organizational and structural factors in facilitating white-collar crime, as well as the use of complex financial instruments to perpetrate such crime. The Enron scandal also illustrates the significant economic, social, and political consequences of white-collar crime and the need for effective legal and regulatory responses to prevent and deter such crime.

In conclusion, the Enron scandal is a powerful reminder of the importance of understanding white-collar crime and its impact on society and the economy. The lessons learned from this case study can inform efforts to prevent and deter white-collar crime in the future and to hold those responsible for such crime accountable for their actions.

Top Dissertation Ideas for Criminology

Writing a dissertation for your criminology degree can be daunting, but don't worry—you've got this! You just need a great topic to focus on. To help get you started, here are some ideas that have been successful before:

Linking Social Factors and Crime Rates : Research the social factors that contribute to higher crime rates in certain locations or situations.
Understanding Reforms and Their Impact : Study the efficacy of existing criminal justice reforms and what difference they have made in different contexts.
Exploring Nature and Nurture : Examine the ways in which both nature and nurture shape criminal behaviour.
Looking at Drugs & Crime : Investigate the connections between drug use and crime, as well as how drug policy affects crime rates.
Examining Crime Prevention Strategies : Analyze existing strategies for preventing crime and how effective they are in different contexts.

No matter which direction you end up following, make sure that you centre your research around a specific issue or question about criminology. This will help you create a focused argument that will be both captivating to your readers and beneficial to you in terms of proving your point. Good luck!

Guidelines for Developing a Criminology Thesis

If you're interested in crafting a criminology dissertation, there are a few guidelines you should keep in mind. Being well-informed about the dissertation topics of criminology and having the right resources is extremely important. Here are some tips to consider when developing a criminology thesis:

1. First Research About Criminology Dissertation Topic

Before you start writing, it's best to research the topic thoroughly. Start by familiarising yourself with criminal behaviour theories , crime causation theories, and various forms of crime prevention strategies. Additionally, read up on recent criminology studies and relevant policy reforms. This will help you make informed decisions when constructing your argument and formulating an effective thesis statement.

2. Narrow Down Your Focus on Criminology Dissertation Topic

Once you have done the initial research, it's time to narrow down your focus and identify a specific issue or question that drives your paper. When selecting an issue to write about, make sure that your topic is narrowed down enough so that it can be explored deeply within the page limit of your dissertation.

3. Build Your Argument for Criminology Dissertation Topic

Once you have identified an appropriate research question or hypothesis for your project, it's time to start building your argument. When crafting an argument for a criminology dissertation, try to provide evidence from reliable sources in order to back up your points and illustrate why they are valid and important. Additionally, be sure to evaluate each point carefully and discuss any possible counterarguments throughout the body of the paper. By providing evidence-based arguments that consider differing perspectives on a given issue, you can more effectively convince readers of the validity of your thesis statement.

Crafting a criminology dissertation can be a daunting and intimidating task. From finding the right topic and reviewing the latest research to constructing a compelling argument, there is a lot to consider. The examples and ideas presented in this article provide a starting point for your research and writing.

By focusing on the basics of crafting a criminology dissertation, you can avoid the common pitfalls and produce a dissertation that will stand out. By understanding the fundamentals, conducting thorough research, finding good sources, and organizing an argument, you can secure an impressive grade on your criminology dissertation.

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Criminology Dissertation Topics: 20+ Examples for Inspiration

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by Antony W

May 9, 2023

Criminology is field that focuses on investigating crimes from a societal viewpoint, with an emphasis on offenders, their motivation, consequences, and prevention. Also, the subject examines human behavior in relation to crime.

Since criminologists investigate the societal foundations and consequences of crime, they also incorporate other subjects such as philosophy and anthropology .

When all of these fields of studies are used, a precise diagnosis of the underlying reason for criminal behavior is likely. Criminologists will then be able to develop effective and realistic strategies for averting criminal activities.

This post includes a list of the best criminology dissertation topics, which are ideas you can improve and investigate further in your assignment. Also, if you need help to work on this type of dissertation, especially if you’re already running out of time, you can get our dissertation writing help here.

Criminology Dissertation Topics Examples

The following is a list of some of the best criminology dissertation topics that you might consider exploring in your writing:

Criminology Dissertation Ideas Mental Health

The effect of harmful mental health disorders on an individual’s behavior
The role of a psychological examination in a criminal investigation
How the media affects a person’s mental health when they commit a crime
Utilizing community-based treatment centers to assist individuals with mental illnesses
Is it possible for an unlawful to fabricate a mental illness in order to avoid punishment?
Traumatic events that may serve as a catalyst for criminal activity
Mental treatments are critical for offenders accused with murder.

Also Read: The Complete Guide for Dissertation Defense

Controversial Dissertation Topics in Criminology

Was the Black Lives Matter movement tarnished by violence rather than by a desire for justice?
How parental estrangement contributes to future violence
Regulating prostitution will result in a decrease in crime.
Coronavirus has encouraged criminal activity on a scale never seen before.
When it comes to domestic abuse against people, the law is subjective.
Should the government raise the minimum age for obtaining a national identification card?
Is the media the primary catalyst for moral panics in society?
Demystifying social media as a crime scene in the technology era
Is it appropriate to inform rape perpetrators of their bail conditions?

Argumentative Dissertation Topics in Criminology

Is someone responsible for the growth of teenage gangs in a certain society?
Is it possible that political tensions are to blame for internal militia uprisings?
Are religious beliefs capable of becoming the source of terrorism?
Is gun regulation in the United States the first step toward increased crime rates?
Is racial abuse directed at international students a contributing factor to crime and violence?
Is crime more dangerous than natural catastrophes or infectious diseases?
Is parental monitoring effective in lowering teen crime?
Is education falling short in its job of instilling sound principles and character?
Is the boundary between law enforcement and criminology a fine one?
Is domestic violence directed only at women, or do males also suffer?

You May Also Like: Tips for Dissertation Reference

Masters and PhD. Criminology Dissertation Topic Ideas

Analyzing how marginalization and discrimination on the basis of religion contribute to crime
An examination of cybercrime laws and their role in preserving law and order
A critical examination of the United States government’s response to terrorism threats
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and crime: An examination of their role or influence
Corruption’s impact on a country’s political, social, economic, and security systems
A discourse study of the coronavirus’s influence on criminal behavior
Is it true that metropolitan environments foster more crime than rural regions?

General Dissertation Topic Ideas in Criminology

Age in criminology research in the context of capital punishment
Examining the consequences of police empowerment in high-crime neighborhoods of developing countries
An assessment of the major features of police personnel deployed in crime hotspots in the United Kingdom.
A study of how the season and topography of a location effect crime.
How residential architecture and community structures aid in crime prevention and management
How significant is the sociocultural background of a residential community in terms of the volume and quality of crime in the area?
An Analysis of Research on the financial and societal costs of crime deterrence in the United Kingdom
An assessment of the ramifications of political backing for criminal activity and its influence on the community
A phenomenological examination of students’ exposure to drugs and the criminal lifestyle in the United Kingdom
A review of pertinent literature on how gender affects crime in the United Kingdom
What can quantitative data tell us about the link between crime and unemployment?

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Criminology Dissertation Topics On Prison and Society

Prisons and convicts have long been a source of contention in British society. When selecting dissertation on social criminal offenders, condense your ideas to a single social element.

Here are some topic ideas to get you started:

Should pupils be required to visit jail as part of their curriculum?
Is the imposition of jail sentences for economic or political offenses justified?
Eliminating negative stigma associated with ex-prisoners and social service.

Criminology Dissertation Topics On Crime and Justice

When someone commits a crime, people frequently consider the current criminal justice system, which has a variety of defects and benefits depending on who analyzes it.

Choosing a justice dissertation subject is not a simple effort, which is why you should explore the following topics:

The death penalty’s meaning in History video game violence and serial murderer cases
Control and reporting methods for gang activity: proof vs. official accounts
Alternative punishment methods: International System Comparisons

Criminology Dissertation Topics On Ethnicity and Race

Many of us are aware that certain crimes committed in the United Kingdom have racial or ethnic overtones. While these offenses have diminished in recent years, they continue to be widely publicized to educate people on how to prevent them and resolve any issues that arise.

Several ethnicity and race dissertation topics include the following:

How the media contribute to the emergence of racial hatred
Sports and legal ramifications of racial tensions
Laws that Could Help Reduce Crimes Against Ethnic Minorities Murders Across English Cities on the Basis of Race & Ethnic Minority
Inequality between races in the United Kingdom and South Africa

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Criminology Dissertation Ideas

Coming up with quality criminology dissertation ideas can get pretty complex, because it requires detailed and sometimes lengthy research. Professional writers from our dissertation writing service prepared everything you need to know about criminology dissertation writing, including specific criminology dissertation ideas.

You will find plenty of topics with which you will be able to ace your criminology class and impress your professors. But, before we go through our list, let’s take a closer look at what makes criminology dissertations so interesting, as well as how to approach them, regardless of which topic you are given.

How to Come Up with a Criminology Dissertation Topic?

Coming up with useful criminology dissertation ideas is more difficult than in some of the other disciplines. How so? Well, the subject matter is more sensitive, and while you might be able to get away with some speculation in a dissertation in other disciplines, there is zero room for that here. However, there are some methods that can make the entire process easier, and they include:

Brainstorming
Mapping out your ideas
Letting the arguments you have create your topic
Free writing
Check relevant sources for additional ideas

Don’t be afraid to put down just about on paper, especially if you are relying on free writing or brainstorming. Perhaps that silly thing that popped inside your head might lead you toward more useful criminology dissertation ideas and topics.

What Makes a Criminology Dissertation Interesting?

The best criminology dissertations are interesting because they cover an exciting topic in a way that hasn’t been done before. Also, criminology is extremely fascinating, because it covers complex subject matter, such as crime, from different angles. Not only does require you to include science, but also psychology and sociology in order to get inside the criminal mind. Exploring the motives and reasons behind certain crimes is always interesting, which is why so many effective criminology dissertation ideas revolve around it.

More about dissertation writing: The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation

Best Topic Ideas from Criminology Dissertation

We have set out to create a list of criminology dissertation ideas that are both practical and diverse. This means you will be able to find a topic for yourself, regardless of what sort of crime you are exploring. Also, you will find ideas for subject matter which has already occurred in real life. We have also kept in mind that you need to do research for these topics, which is why we have limited ourselves to those for which you can find plenty of information online or in your local campus library. Here is our list of best criminology dissertation topics:

Criminology Dissertation Ideas on Serial Killers

Which people are most likely to become serial killers?
How do serial killers become serial killers?
Differences between serial killers and mass murderers
Comparison between real-life serial killers and their portrayal in Hollywood films
What drives women to become serial killers?
Exploring the possibility of rehabilitating serial killers
Differences between male and female serial killers
Should serial killers be let back into society after serving out their sentences?
List countries that have the highest numbers of serial killers and explore the reasons behind those numbers
Can a person’s social status lead them to become a serial killer?
What are the main motives of serial killers?
Has modern technology made it easier or harder for serial killers to remain at large?
What are specific trademarks of female serial killers?
Which factors contribute to the chances that a person will become a serial killer?
How common are serial killers outside of the US?

Feminist Criminology Dissertation Topics

Treatment of Women in the criminal justice system
Exclusion of women in the dominant crime theories
Gender diversity in the study of crime
Feminist theories in criminology
Women as victims of violent crimes
Percentage of women working in the criminal justice system
Feminist approaches to criminal research
What is feminist criminology?
Why is feminist criminology important?
Gender inequality in the law and criminal justice system

Criminology Dissertation Ideas on Domestic Violence

Investigating the effects of domestic violence on young children
What are the key triggers for domestic violence?
The effectiveness of psychiatric treatment in overcoming trauma caused by domestic violence
Domestic violence: racial and ethnic factors
Comparison of different types of domestic violence
Male domestic violence in first-world countries
Female empowerment and its effect on domestic violence
Correlation between domestic violence and probability of suicide
What role does the media play in domestic violence
Who are the victims of domestic violence?
Domestic violence and the law
Forms of intimate partner violence
Popular culture and domestic violence
Domestic violence against people with disabilities
Gay and bisexual domestic violence

Youth Crime Dissertation Ideas

Juvenile delinquents and their family environment
How do violent movies, music, and video games influence youth crimes?
Are children of single parents more or less likely to become juvenile delinquents?
What are the earliest indicators of future delinquent behavior?
Do male juvenile delinquents receive longer sentences than female delinquents for committing the same crime?
What role do alcohol and drugs play in young people committing crimes?
What’s the outcome when it comes to the rehabilitation of young offenders?
Are corrections facilities the best to rehabilitate underage delinquents?
Are foster children more likely to end up committing a crime?
What are the most common crimes committed by juvenile delinquents?
Does a family history of crime make children more like to commit a crime in the future?
How does juvenile delinquency affect young people’s chance of employment and having a career?
What is the main motive behind youth crimes?
How to minimize violent and sexual crimes among the youth
Should juvenile delinquents be tried as adults if they have committed a violent crime?

Cybercrime Dissertation Topics

Discussing the impact of cybercrimes on the finance and banking industry
Should online identity theft be treated as a crime?
The most common cybercrimes in the United States
Exploring the history of hacking
The most vicious cyber attacks in history
What effects does hacking have on countries?
Challenges of cybersecurity and the prevention of cybercrimes at universities
Are cyber attacks considered terrorism?
Explaining all the phases of a DDoS attack
What are the most effective ways to protect children from cyberbullying?
What is ransomware and how do ransomware attacks happen?
Evolution and history of online scams
What are the best ways to prevent cybercrimes?
What are the main motives for cybercrimes and hacking?
What are the financial effects of cybercrime?

Criminology Dissertation Ideas about Drugs

Differences between the effects of alcohol and marijuana on human behavior
Should the media promotion of drugs be banned?
In what way does cannabis improve or impair the cognitive abilities of those consuming it?
Should marijuana be legalized and under which conditions?
Correlation between drugs, poverty, and crime in low-income households
How effective are the methods used by physicians and psychiatrists in drug rehabilitation facilities?
How does parental drug use affect the child’s tendency to use drugs?
Are there any positive effects of smoking cannabis?
Establishing the connection between substance abuse and violent crimes
What role does drug abuse play in domestic violence?
Comparing the effects of the most common drugs on human behavior
What are the most abused drugs in the United States?
Should schools introduce random drug testing in order to fight drug abuse among students?
Exploring the harmful effects drug abuse has on society in general
Does drug abuse increase the number of sexual assaults?

Dissertation Ideas on Mental Health and Crime

What role does childhood trauma play in a person’s likelihood to commit a crime?
Establishing the connection between mental illness and crime
Which mental disorders are most likely to drive a person to commit a violent crime?
How effective is mental therapy for criminals which have committed murder?
Is it possible to fake a mental illness in order to escape punishment?
Correlation between mental disorders and aggressive behavior
What are the most common mental illnesses among sexual offenders?
What sort of mental disorder do victims of sexual assault usually suffer from?
The most efficient ways of promoting mental health in a society
Which traumas can lead a person to commit a violent crime?
How does media content exacerbate a person’s mental disorder?
What are the common mental disorders among the youth?
Can community-based centers be effective in providing treatment for those suffering from mental illnesses?
How can members of the police force be trainers to recognize mental illnesses?
Can depression and anxiety drive a person to commit murder?

Criminology Dissertation Ideas on Prisons

Should the prisoners be allowed to vote and under which conditions?
To which extent is it possible to rehabilitate prisoners which have committed violent crimes?
Should murderers be introduced back into society after they have served the entirety of their sentence?
Correlation between crime rates and the length of prison sentences for those crimes
Which crimes are the most common inside prisons?
Should sexual offenders be separated from other prisoners?
What are the most common causes of unrest in prisons?
The most effective methods for preventing suicide in prisons
Why is it difficult for developing countries to reduce violence among prisoners?
What are the most common crimes prisoners get convicted of?
What is the longest prison sentence ever given to a murderer?
What percentage of sexual offenders end up in prison for the same crime?
How many criminals escape from US prisons every year?
Should prisoners which have committed murder receive benefits for their forced labor?
The most effective rehabilitation methods in prison

Coming up with useful criminology dissertation ideas can be a challenge, especially if you are looking to cover something that hasn’t been done before. Hopefully, our list of dissertation topics will provide you with enough quantity and quality, so that you are never short on ideas. We hope you will find it helpful and use some of the subjects listed in this article.

This article was written by Beatrix Potter Publish Date: Jul 21, 2022

Beatrix Potter

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UNDERGRADUATE AND MASTERS DISSERTATIONS

The Internet Journal of Criminology presents Masters and first class undergraduate dissertations in the field of criminology, which are considered by the Editorial Board to be worthy of publication.

The IJC will only publish undergraduate dissertations that receive a first class mark, and it should be noted that these criminology papers are NOT peer reviewed, edited or assessed for their quality. So long as the student was given a first class mark and the paper is criminological in content we will publish it, thereby offering up and coming criminologists an outlet through which to become published. To download the articles please click on the links below.....

Pre and Post 9/11: An Exploration into Societal and Media Understandings of Extremist Organisations and Counter-Terrorism Preventative Measures in the United Kin gdom

Amelia Ann Twinkle Bell, 2023. Leeds School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beckett University

Terrorism is an ever-evolving concept and has been subject to significant advancements in recent history (Fussey and Richards, 2008.) Although these developments are well documented in academic literature, there is a clear lack of comparative evaluations between initial understandings and recent outlooks on terrorism. As a result of this, the following piece explores the recent history of extremism in the United Kingdom in relation to counter-terrorism measures, media representations and societal understandings. In order to further understand these aspects of terrorism discourse and how changes came into effect, this dissertation first highlights the importance of the terrorist attack that occurred on the 11th of September 2001 and how this in turn revolutionised global understandings of terrorism. This critical event has become an increasingly important element in academic literature discussing modern terrorism (Crenshaw, 2002) and this piece finds that these attacks have been a catalyst for the development of two distinctive eras of terrorism within the United Kingdom. The eras discussed within this piece are that of the era of the Prevention of Terrorism (temporary provisions) Act (1974) and the newfound era of the war on terror. This has allowed the piece to take a comparative approach in order to fully understand and compare the critical shifts in media representations, societal understandings and counter-terrorism preventative measures within each era. In further support of this, this dissertation has evaluated the different extremist threats within the UK and examines the two most prominent extremist groups evident in each era, the Irish Republican Army and ISIS.

I nvestigating the Role of Empathy and Emotional Intelligence on Attitudes Towards Coercive Control

Holly Isabelle Harris Loughborough University, Division of Criminology

Coercive control has come to the forefront of intimate partner violence research since updated changes within legislation has made the offence easier to define and understand. Attitudes towards intimate partner violence have been linked as being one of the most prominent predictors in the perpetration of intimate partner violence however, research fails to examine the relationship between attitudes and coercive control specifically. Previous research focuses on factors influencing attitudes concerning intimate partner violence including gender, age, economic and education status, and although important, there is a lack of research in the area of psychological variables and their impact on attitudes towards relationship behaviours. In order to investigate the role of psychological variables, this study examined which variables are the strongest predictors in attitudes towards healthy relationships, which for the purposes of this study refers to the extent to which participants hold attitudes in agreement and/or disagreement with coercive controlling behaviours. As well as demographics, the variables in question are emotional intelligence, cognitive and affective empathy, egocentricity, and interpersonal manipulation. Participants were a self-selected sample from the general public (N=301) and were required to complete the Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale (PPTS), The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue-SF), and The Attitudes Towards Healthy Relationship Scale (ATHRS). Results were analysed using independent t -tests and multiple regressions whereby all variants of psychopathy were associated with unhealthier relationship attitudes, as well as the demographic variables of ethnicity and education. Additionally, men were more psychopathic on all variants in comparison to women. Emotional Intelligence was found to be an insignificant factor in predicting ATHRS. This study provides novel contributions to the literature due to the development of the ATHRS as a new measurement tool when investigating coercive control and demonstrates potential practical implications. Limitations of the current study and future research recommendations are discussed within the subsequent chapters.

The Victorian Fin de Siècle and The Criminal Other

By Erika Urban- Szabo London Metropolitan University

This thesis examines Victorians and crime by looking at how a unique set of anxieties that appeared throughout the Victorian era formed society's perceptions of crime and criminals. It argues that progressively the figure of the criminal other, the social enemy emerged, and this combined with the omnipotent fear of crime and tinted with the notion of degeneration resulted in even the pettiest of criminals being regarded as a monstrous threat to society and ultimately to all of civilization (Foucault 1978). Respectively, the ‘literature of crime’ appeared and flourished, concerning crime and reflecting the social anxieties, such as immigration, sexuality- particularly of women, moral degeneracy, and reverse colonization. Bram Stoker's renowned book, Dracula, with the frightful illustration of the Count and his influence touched with his readers in the setting of the closing hours of civilization.

The Grenfell Tower disaster: A case study of corporate crime

By Eliza Riggs Manchester Metropolitan University

This is a case study which has applied a Marxist theoretical framework along with Zemiology. With the application of these frameworks, this thesis argues that the Grenfell Tower Fire is a victim of corporate crime to the highest degree due to the innumerable social harms. This study is important as it comes at a time where, even as many as six years on, there is yet to be any justice from the deviant omissions of the council and corporations involved in the fatal refurbishment project. The study closely examines the causative role that deregulation and stigmatisation of territory, social housing and race came to play in laying the foundations of the fire on the night of the 14th of June 2017, each individually and in their interconnected relationship. The case study is interesting as it applies Marxism, to criticise power relations in a capitalist society, and Zemiology, a somewhat contested theory, to examine the ripple of harms created before, during and after the disaster. Even how the research questions focus on corporate crime is interesting as it a contentious area of research due to how broad it is. Moreover, the study builds on relevant Marxist critical works to support and establish the validity of these key theories and frameworks, as well as providing key statistics and policies surrounding the high-rise building. Notably, the case study also uses a range of resources from the Grenfell Tower Inquiry as it is argued to have the most unbiased findings. Fundamentally, these key theories and frameworks, combined together, establish a new perspective on the social disaster. The study concludes, through the perpetual manifestation of harms, that Grenfell is a victim of corporate crime due to criminal negligence through deregulation (laisse-faire capitalism), stigmatisation of social housing and stigmatisation of race, ultimately breaching the Human Rights Act 1998. Although, most the implications are interesting and important, arguably the most interesting implication is that due to inaction after the disaster there is a possibility that another fire like Grenfell could be round the corner.

A Contextual Exploration of the Contributing Factors of Ritualistic Murders

By Evelin G. Csabai, University of Portsmouth

Ritualistic mu rder is an undefined and under-researched concept. It is often discussed in connection with serial murder, fantasy-driven behaviour, religion and culture, and mental health disorders. This study discussed and presented the above-mentioned topics and discovered their potential contributions or causal relationships to ritualistic murder. The research further examined the overlap between the characteristics of ritualistic murderers and those of serial killers. In addition, the dissertation identified gaps in knowledge and suggested directions for future research, including the need for a unified definition of ritualistic murder and a deeper understanding of the role of underlying issues. Overall, the findings concluded that ritualistic murder is a wide umbrella term that has important implications for the fields of criminology and psychology. This dissertation elucidated that further research around ritualistic murder could aid in differentiating between and understanding perpetrators of this crime, and thereby potentially reduce crime rates. Furthermore, it was highlighted that by researching this phenomenon, its causal and contributing factors could be addressed and criminal justice agencies could develop more efficient and effective ways of dealing with these perpetrators.

An Examination of Adolescent to Parent Abuse and Violence Within England and Wales. The Perspectives of Practitioners Within the Criminal Justice System and Surrounding Agencies.

A dissertation submitted in part-fulfilment of the degree of

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Criminology

Imogen Allan ( Nottingham Trent University ) March 2023

The intention of this research is to present an examination of adolescent to parent abuse and violence within England and Wales. Through conducting semi structured interviews with four practitioners who work within the criminal justice system and surrounding agencies, this research aims to improve understanding on three key elements of the abuse; its prevalence, the impacts, and the resources available to support families experiencing it. Taking particular interest in the relationship between single mothers and sons, and how single mothers may be impacted differently, this research uses feminist methods to explore the gendered nature of the abuse. This research piece concludes that, as hypothesized, single mothers and sons seemingly are disproportionately impacted. While practitioners agree that this is a prominent issue within England and Wales, perspectives varied regarding how to respond to the abuse. This research found that the absence of a clear definition, legislation and awareness of the abuse prevents the criminal justice system and surrounding agencies from having unified response to combat the issue.

Infants in the Timeline of IT

An exploratory study, seeking to assess the risk of misinformative radicalisation and subsequent challenges to safeguarding young people posed by the Covid-19 Pandemic and the social media surge in usage which followed .

Alexander Kounoupias, University of Portsmouth 2023.

Is the Taliban’s use of cyberspace and their attempt to rule as an emerging liberal state, a security threat to Afghanistan and the West?

Mia Isobel Elias, University of Portsmouth 2022

This dissertation is a research study into the Taliban’s fight to become an internationally recognised liberal state, their use of cyberspace and if this is a security threat to Afghanistan or the West. This dissertation provides extensive research into the following objectives: to assess to what extent the Taliban is an emerging liberal state, to understand the impact of the Taliban as an emerging state on Afghanistan and the West as well as to understand the impact of the use of cyberspace by the Taliban on their potential status as a liberal state. The research carried out to effectively discuss the objectives was semi-structured interviews and social media analysis. The interviews provided the reader in-depth knowledge to discuss alongside existing literature. The social media analysis mainly focused on how the Taliban’s official spokesperson, Zabihullah Mujahid utilises cyberspace. This dissertation concludes the Taliban are not operating as liberal state so they should not be seen as the new government of Afghanistan. The citizens of Afghanistan are at risk of the Taliban’s action. Since the takeover, a humanitarian crisis has been present in the country. The Taliban’s use of cyberspace as a state terrorist organisation is not a current cyber threat to Afghanistan or the West. The Taliban have engaged in the cybercrime of fake news. Finally, future risks regarding the Taliban’s future use of cyberspace and the possibility of their relationship with China should not be ignored

Human Rights and Policing ‘An examination into how the Police attempt to protect Human Rights and the effects the Human Rights Act (1998) has on Police Powers’

Shauna Curry - University of Wales.

Deep rooted within the British Constitution lies the idea that humans are entitled to basic human rights and freedoms. Landmark developments include the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Human Rights Act (1998). The foundation of liberal democracy is that all humans are equal, so the protection of human rights is vitally important for democratic effectiveness. In a democratic society, police officers hold a unique position as one of the most significant law enforcement authorities and serve as human rights and constitutional protectors. However, policing is often viewed through its failures and not its potential successes. This noble profession of protection, defence, reassurance and restoration of peace and social order has come under scrutiny for its violation of human rights, and disconnection from the principles of democratic governance. Balancing rights has become a perennial question. Critically, how far can police balance the needs of society for peace and security with individual’s rights including the suspect and the accused. Therefore, via social research this study attempts to address and examine how police attempt to protect human rights and determine the effects that the Human Rights Act (1998) has on police powers

Social media’s role in the online abuse against feminist advocates.

By Chloe Biddle, University of Portsmouth, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies

Feminism, as a social movement is defined as a global, political movement for equality and the liberation of women. The phenomena of feminism can be dated back before the 19th century; however, this study places a focus on the first wave (1848-1920), second wave (1963-the 1980s), third wave (1990s - 2010s), and fourth-wave feminism (2012- present). Despite the key focus of each wave differing throughout these periods, the fundamental goal underpinning feminism is to advocate for women’s rights socially, economically and politically. Contemporary feminism focuses on the issue of digital feminist activism and discusses how the digital world has provided a gateway for freedom of expression online. But consequently, also created a platform for abuse and violence, especially on social media platforms. The overarching aim of this research study was to understand the forms of abuse experienced online by persons with public feminist accounts and the resulting harm. The objectives of this study were to firstly, critically explore the language and content used against those who have public feminist profiles, by studying social media posts and threads. Secondly, to critically analyse gendered differences between public feminist advocate posts and attitudes towards them. Lastly, to critically consider the intersecting harms and abuses experienced by persons belonging to several marginalised groups. The non-participant observation was undertaken to observe how online abuse is conveyed on Twitter. Eight public Twitter profiles were analysed using thematic analysis to determine five main themes. The five main themes identified were: support and solidarity, misogyny and sexism, challenging or denial of the victim, white feminism, and anti-male exclusionary behaviours. The main findings of this study revealed that white feminism and anti-male exclusionary attitudes were the most prominent types of abuse found on Twitter. This study contributes to existing knowledge as it highlights the key ways abuse is formulated online, which can aid the amendments of terms and conditions and safety policies, including the Online Safety Bill.

“ Is she thick as sh*t? You get with someone like that for the abuse”: A Qualitative Analysis of Twitter to Understand Public Perceptions of Female Celebrity Survivors of Intimate Partner Abuse.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the MSC (Hons)Victimology and Criminal Psychology degree

By Sophie Leitch, University of Portsmouth

Male violence against women and girls has grabbed the attention of the public and policy-makers in recent years following numerous extreme examples of misogyny and femicide, most notably the rape and murder of Sarah Everard by a serving police officer. Intimate partner abuse (IPA) is especially topical currently due to the recent high-profile proceedings between Amber Heard and Johnny Depp, which have generated significant public interest, and strong opinions on the matter.

The aim of this dissertation was to better understand public opinions about female survivors of IPA. To achieve this, a qualitative content analysis was conducted on Tweets which had been shared in relation to the three celebrity survivors selected as case studies: Amber Heard, Evan Rachel Wood and Rhianna. The research highlighted that, despite significant changes within legislation and the criminal justice system’s response to IPA over the years, victim blaming attitudes, as reflected within early positivistic victimology theories, remain prevalent in society today. Such attitudes ultimately impact on the support provided to survivors and their ability to obtain justice. The research demonstrated the continued difficulties in obtaining “victim status”, and how this status can be rejected as a result of both how the abuser is perceived as well as the survivor’s own behaviour or characteristics. The data indicated that the highly influential notion of Christie’s “ideal victim” persists, albeit the characteristics associated with it have evolved in line with women’s changing position in society. It is evident that more research is required in this field to better understand the complexities around who is granted victim status and who is denied it, alongside education programmes to improve the public’s understanding of IPA.

To what extent is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales correct?

By Zoe Emma Treasure (University of Lincoln)

In England and Wales, the point at which a child can be held criminally responsible for their actions is 10 years of age. This is vastly out of line with ages of civic responsibilities and societal freedoms, which are most commonly set between 16 and 18 years of age. In England and Wales, a child cannot consent to sexual activity, vote, consent to healthcare, sit on a jury or marry another person until they meet the appropriate age threshold. The illogicality of this is made apparent by the notion that a child of ten years can be held to have sufficient competence to commit murder, yet they cannot get medical treatment alone. This dissertation will outline the history of minimum age of criminal responsibility, along with identifying the illogicality of the current age. Proposals for reform will also be made.

‘ Scare in the community’. Crime, Fear and Facebook. Exploring the effect of Facebook crime content and resident’s fears and perceptions of crime in Portsmouth .

By Sarah Hardy. University of Portsmouth.

Research surrounding the fear of crime, media, and its effect on fear of crime is in abundance, however the relatively new concept of social media, particularly Facebook and its relationship to a fear of crime, is under-researched.

The current study explores crime-related content on Facebook and the relationship to fear of crime. Aiming to fill a gap in the literature that addresses the relationship between consumption of crime-related content and fear of crime, surveys were disseminated to a sample of the population to investigate whether viewing crime-related content on Facebook can affect crime fears amongst residents in Portsmouth. It also explores perceptions of crime and neighbourhood characteristics. The survey uses both open and closed questions in a mixed-methods approach which enables quantitative data, and some rich, personal, qualitative data.

The findings reveal that crime-related content consumption on Facebook did not significantly contribute to a fear of crime amongst the respondents, but it did make them more aware of criminal activity, and that females were only slightly more fearful of crime than males. Further findings on neighbourhood characteristics did however produce themes that suggest certain areas of the city such as parks and alleyways are significantly related to feelings of rising crime. This study provides a basis for understanding social media viewing and crime, but further research in this field is required in order to fully understand how viewing crime content on Facebook effects individuals fears and perceptions of crime.

How and to what extent does a custodial sentence influence a convict’s rehabilitative and reintegrative prospects? A comparative study into French and Irish contexts .

By Victoire Stephan University College Dublin and Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas

(Masters dissertation)

While there is extensive literature concerned with the efficiency of alternative or community sentences in achieving desistance and reintegration, the influence of custodial sentences on post-prison rehabilitation in a comparative framework is rarely evoked. A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence requiring an offender to be imprisoned . It involves a form of modern penal confinement, accompanied with sentencing practices that often relate to punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation . However, after penal servitude, the condemned criminal facing life after bars is confronted with inevitable challenges attached to re-entry, in preparation for effective reintegration. Indeed, in the collective imaginary, prison has shifted from being a place solely aimed at punishing offenders to a setting for transformation of deviant individuals . What this dissertation intends on developing is how these rehabilitative processes and goals practically unfold.

Journey into the world of the incel. An investigation into the emergence of the incel subculture and an evaluation of their threat to women.

By Zsuzsa Holmes University of Portsmouth Institute of Criminal Justice Studies (2021)

I ncels are a predominantly Western, antifeminist online subculture who represent an increasing threat to public safety. This project explores incels and evaluates the threat they pose to women (their enemy) and to greater society. This research reports on the results of a systematic literature review on incels and the debates encompassing the incelosphere. Incels represent a manifestation of twenty-first century socio-economic shifts and technological innovations. The backlash from women’s ongoing liberation, neoliberalism and the #MeToo movement within an increasingly technological landscape have amplified an existing undercurrent of toxic masculinity and antifeminist rhetoric. This interdisciplinary investigation explores the context from which the incel emerged, their myopic ideology and subcultural identity. Findings suggest incels are an emerging societal harm who promote and incite online and real-life violence and extremism. Essentially, the incelosphere offers a platform to spread violent misogyny, radicalise young men and fuel extremism. This research illuminates the state of play of men’s online movements and aids in exposing and holding accountable those who inhabit the manosphere as well as the technological conglomerates who offer the tools for radicalisation. Ultimately, incels place a mirror to the parts of society which are failing where greater support is vital for vulnerable individuals to prevent them from falling down the slippery slope of radicalisation.

The Silent Pandemic of Vulnerable Children. An explorative study into professional perspectives of risk factors that contributed to rising child abuse cases during the first UK lockdown.

By Phoebe White. University of Northampton

Child abuse impacts thousands of children in the UK every year, significantly implicating their safety, welfare, and development. When the Coronavirus Pandemic began in 2020, national lockdowns were enforced internationally to preserve public health and prevent the spread of the virus. The implications of these lockdowns meant millions of children were confined to their homes for several months, with limited contact with key professionals and services previously in place to identify and prevent abuse or maltreatment. Previous knowledge of child abuse has shown the risk factors which can lead to a child experiencing abuse, now exacerbated by the Coronavirus pandemic.

This study has taken an interpretivist paradigm to meticulously explore the risk factors which had contributed to rising abuse cases during the UK lockdown. Using a mixed method approach, this was done via interviews with two social workers and an Executive Headteacher from an Academy Trust, 17 questionnaire participants from the same academy and secondary data published by the Children Commissioner in April 2020.

The findings had concluded that there were several implicating risk factors contributing to rising child abuse cases during the UK lockdown, therefore this cannot be pinpointed to one factor alone. These risks are not new in the context of child abuse; however, they were worsened through the pandemic. The recommendations of this study concluded that Covid-19 has ultimately changed our safeguarding landscape, therefore professionals should use the challenges presented by the pandemic to improve practice and knowledge, ultimately working towards preventing children experiencing harm and maltreatment.

E xploring the effects of rape myth acceptance and gender role attitudes on the perceptions of the female victim and male perpetrator of date rape.

By Heena Patel, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

The commonality of date rape is high and includes a forced sexual encounter with a perpetrator that the victim knows and trusts. Conversely, society’s views on rape do not fit this idea (Zaleski et al., 2016). People’s perceptions of a date rape scenario have been found to be affected by pre-existing beliefs including rape myth acceptance (RMA) and gender role attitudes (GRA), which has great implications for the criminal justice system and future interventions for both victims and perpetrators of date rape (Grubb and Turner, 2012). The present study aimed to explore whether participants GRA and RMA have an influence on their perceptions of victim and perpetrator responsibility, impact, punishment, and guilt in the context of a date rape scenario. University students aged over 18 years (N = 98) were recruited opportunistically via snowball sampling. The results indicated that participants’ (with low RMA) perceptions of date rape regarding responsibility, impact, punishment and guilt did not differ across levels of GRA. The study concluded that traditional GRA did not influence people’s perceptions on date rape, but this study could only draw conclusions for those with low RMA. Therefore, this study provides supporting evidence for the shift in gender equality. Future research should examine the effects of RMA and GRA on same-sex date rape, as date rape perceptions in this area are less clear.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RECIDIVISM: THE CASE OF PRISON INMATES AT HAWASSA CORRECTIONAL CENTER, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

B Y TOMAS TSEGAYE HAKI 2021 HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA

Nowadays, the issue of crime in general and recidivistic behavior in particular, has become a great problem in Ethiopia. Every crime has social and economic costs for both society and the individuals, but most importantly recidivism creates fear and insecurity among the society along with continuous loss of property and life, plus it escalates expenditures on law enforcement and criminal justice. However, recidivism and its factors are not adequately understood in Ethiopia. Hence, this study tried to examine the factors that contribute to recidivism, with particular emphasis on prison inmates at Hawassa correctional center. A mixed research approach and cross-sectional study design were employed. The quantitative data was collected from all recidivists (80) selected through comprehensive sampling. On the other hand, qualitative data was gathered from seventy purposively selected participants using key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews, and case studies. The quantitative data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques while the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study results showed that recidivism is emanating from; personal factors which comprise age, sex, educational background, alcohol and drug use; socio-economic factors which include lack of family support, peer pressure, negative community attitude, unemployment, income shortage, and homelessness as well as institutional factors which encompass mistreatment by prison staff, ineffective services, overcrowding, lack of inmate classification system, inmates subculture and lack of assistance upon release. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that efforts to incorporate the issue of recidivism and social reintegration of offenders in current criminal policy, the prison management should introduce offender oriented treatment programs and work with community groups, faith-based institutions, and volunteer individuals and organizations to assist released prisoners in creating opportunities for them.

What makes the Modern English Football Hooligan? Understanding this Phenomenon: An Analytical Exploration into Criminological Theory, History and Identity.

By Alex R. Goulding, Nottingham Trent University

The aim of this research is to create a clearer understanding of the modern English football hooligan and the crime of football hooliganism. This will be accomplished through an in depth study, looking at alternative criminological theories used by academics to explain the phenomenon, as well as its surrounding history and identity. More specifically, the research will arrive at a definition which summaries particular characteristics that constitute the modern football hooligan - as there is currently no consensus or legal definition regarding this crime - as well as creating a model showing football hooliganism’s evolvement over time. A secondary research method utilising an amalgamation of both qualitative and quantitative data will be used to collate a broad depth of information suitable for answering the question. The study concludes with a contemporary definition and model of football hooliganism, which strongly recommends the need for more research into this type of crime, placing emphasis on the need to legally decide the precise definition of this phenomenon, avoiding future uncertainty and scepticism.

Capital Punishment - A Macabre Method of Revenge? A Justified Method of Retribution? Or Something Totally Different?

Should and will this Highly Controversial Practice of State Execution ever be Reinstated in the United Kingdom?

A Literature Review and a Primary Research Comparison of the Viewpoints of Individuals Studying MA Criminology at NTU Compared to Those Who do Not.

Alexander R. Goulding, M. A. Criminology Dissertation, Nottingham Trent University

This research aims to investigate and evaluate contemporary primary viewpoints as well as secondary literature and data on the pros and cons of CP, determining the likelihood of reinstating CP within the UK in the future. More specifically, these primary viewpoints consist of 5 individuals studying MA criminology at NTU and 5 individuals who do not study MA criminology: members of the general public. Each sample consists as individual FGs for the purpose of this project. As CP was last carried out in the UK in 1964, it is a topic that may seem alien to many people of current generations. It is therefore relevant to investigate this relatively overlooked topic to understand its current consensus in 2018. The literature review divulges into topics such as retribution, deterrence and public safety. Additionally, results from the FGs displayed a huge range of diversified responses, with participants studying MA criminology less in favour of reinstalling CP in the UK in comparison to non-MA criminology participants. The research ultimately concludes that whilst in the view of the author that there may be significant benefits of reintroducing CP to the UK at some point in the future, the current CJS is not currently suitable. As a result, it seems very unlikely that the return of CP in the UK will happen at any time in the near future.

A Critical Review of Injustices Faced by Ethnic Minority Communities and the Resulting Social Harms

Chloe Elizabeth Coleman, MA Criminology & Criminal Justice, Aberystwyth University.

Disproportionality within the justice system in England and Wales is a very well-researched topic. While various groups are victims of unfair treatment, it is fair to argue that ethnic minority individuals suffer a great amount of injustice. Faced with stereotypical attitudes and prejudices from society, these attitudes influence how they are viewed and treated, by the justice system and vice versa. Faced with injustices at every stage of the justice system, from their first encounter to their last, it is inevitable that ethnic minority individuals who are brought into contact with the justice system, will inevitably become victims of social harms. By acknowledging the injustices faced by these individuals through the theoretical approach of social harms, this dissertation has explored various issues that contribute to the harms suffered by individuals, in the justice system. They are issues that should not be discussed separately, because they all lead to the same outcome – injustices that affect the most vulnerable communities.

To what extent has the proposed racialised media narrative influenced white women’s perceptions of Muslim men as sexual predators?

By Rhys Terry. University of Plymouth. MSc Criminology. School of Society and Culture

Currently, scholarship researching the racialised media narrative of Muslim men as sexual predators is yet to provide qualitative data testing its significance on shaping public opinion. Research from the likes of Cockbain and Tufail (2020) largely rely on illustrative examples, especially those addressing the infamous ‘Asian grooming gang’ scandals of the early 2010s, to conclude that liberal media outlets have legitimised a racial stereotype in wider public opinion. Taking this conclusion, this study attempts to test the significance this proposed media narrative has had in shaping the perceptions of Muslim men as sexual predators using qualitative evidence from the discourse’s primary target audience; white women. Sampling white women aged 18-65, this project uses participant responses from semi-structured, in-depth interviews to ascertain its position.

“She was drunk! What did she expect?” Predicting attitudes towards intoxicated sexual consent based upon demographic, psychological and attitudinal factors

By Cameron Nyland, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

The definition of sexual consent is blurred, causing a reduction in victims reporting the offence and thus, perpetrators facing just punishments. Engaging in sexual activity whilst intoxicated is, by definition, illegal; laws in England and Wales state that alcohol causes individuals to lose the capacity to make such choices. This study investigates whether the belief that consenting to sexual activity whilst intoxicated is acceptable can be predicted through examining demographic, psychological and attitudinal factors. For this study, a community sample of 2,878 participants took part in a questionnaire that investigated demographic factors, levels of self-esteem, social dominance, hypermasculinity and their attitudes towards sexual consent whilst intoxicated. Hypermasculinity, social dominance orientation, self-esteem, education status, age and the existence of psychopathic traits were found to be predictive of an individual’s attitudes towards intoxicated sexual consent. The study finds that implementing policies in bars, night clubs and other environments to advertise signs of problematic attitudes towards sexual consent that are likely indicators of sexual misconduct could be effective as a means of reducing sexual violence. Further reductions can be made through sex education classes being better informed in how to discuss situations in which sexual consent can and cannot be accepted.

The Oppression of Factory-Farmed Animals: A Critical Discourse Analysis of English and Welsh Animal Welfare Legislation

By Libbie Nicklin

It is well established that factory farms subject the non-human animals confined to significant abuse. But what does a close analysis of the legislation in place for their ‘protection’ reveal about their plight? Utilising critical discourse analysis and informed by a non-speciesist and species justice perspective, this dissertation highlights the oppression of factory-farmed animals as prevalent in the language use of English and Welsh animal welfare legislation. The findings reveal that they are oppressed through the use of speciesist language, representing them as inferior; their suffering is disguised through the use of cleverly chosen language; and existing as welfare law gives the public the impression that these beings are protected from harm, but in reality, contributes to the legitimisation of abuse. This research contributes to the sub-discipline of green criminology by greater incorporating the harms of factory farming into its field. Overall, this project keeps the justice, rights, and victimhood of factory-farmed animals at its very centre, hoping that it acts as a first step toward discourse that promotes harmonious relations with non-human animals.

The motivation of volunteer police officers in Baden-Württemberg between family support and cop-culture - A qualitative Study.

By Friedrich Schwindt, University of Essex.

Module: Criminology and Criminal Psychology Thesis: March 2020

Thesis submitted for the Degree of MSc in Criminology and Criminal Psychology

The Voluntary Police Service in Baden-Württemberg (FPD) occupies a particular position in the structure of the Federal Republic's police forces. Members of the Freiwillige Polizeidienst (FPD), founded in 1963, are police officers according to the police law of Baden-Württemberg. They wear a police uniform that differs from the regular police force only in the badges of rank, and they are armed. The study examines factors that have influenced the motivation of members of the FPD when taking up and continuing their service .

Why is it so difficult to find a job after serving a prison sentence? (A qualitative study of employers’ perception of hiring ex-offenders)

By Matúš Jusko, London Metropolitan University

Ex-offender employability is a complex topic with numerous points of view. Nevertheless, the notion that ex-offenders should be offered all the necessary help to be reintegrated into society is highly supported by academics and the general society too. There is evidence that ex-offenders who are not able to find a job are more likely to re-offend. However, on many occasions, these attempts fail due to numerous different reasons. This research aims to discover what is the experience of hiring an ex-offender like and what are the most common pitfalls of ex-offender employability. Lastly, to identify future implications to improve the situation.

The Criminal Exploitation Of Young People Through County Lines And Criminal Justice Responses.

Louise Kay. Manchester Metropolitan University

The past several years have witnessed an evolution of the drugs supply markets, which prompted a central government response. Worth an estimated £9.4 billion (Black, 2020), the drugs industry has developed a distribution model that supplies drugs to coastal towns and villages in a process known as county lines. The central features of county lines are the use of mobile technology and social media and the recruitment of young people by organised criminal gangs, who are used to transport and sell substances between markets. Once recruited, they are quickly placed into debt bondage, exacerbating their involvement.

Despite the exploitation of young people to commit criminal acts, the mechanisms introduced to recognise those exploited as victims have been described as not fit for purpose. As a result, many young people who are recognised as victims endure criminal proceedings, resulting in them being criminalised.

The Human Cost of PREVENT: , A Systematic Literature Review of the UK’s Counter-Radicalisation Policy

By Emily George. University of Plymouth

As more contemporary acts of terror have reached global news, the phenomenon has placed counter-terrorism at the forefront of academia and politics. Over time the conversation has shifted to preventing radicalisation domestically. Academia’s increased focus has led to a murky, confusing landscape for future researchers to navigate, specifically concerning the effectiveness of policies. This systematic literature review aims to shed clarity on this area of research. Collating, exploring, and analysing current literature, the study asks what the overall evaluation of PREVENT is and the human cost of this policy within the Education sector.

An Equal Portrayal?: British Media Representations of Male versus Female Child Sex Offenders.

Georgia Shearman: University of Huddersfield for the degree of BSc (Hons) Criminology with Law.

The main aim of this research was to uncover if there were any differences in the way the British newspapers portray male and female child sex offenders. Specifically, the labels, language, discourses and narratives were analysed to uncover if and what differences there were in the portrayals. Additionally, the theory which best explained these differences in portrayals was researched, in relation to news theory such as Newsworthiness or feminist theory such as Male Gaze or Double Deviance. Consequently, the main theories drawn on for this research were Newsworthiness and the Ideal Victim and Ideal Offender concepts, along with feminist theories of Double Deviance, Male Gaze and the Chivalry theory .

Academic Fraud: How Do Students Plagiarise? Can The System Be Beaten?

By Louis Wassell Nottingham Trent University Division of Sociology BA (Hons) Criminology

Plagiarism is something that all students have heard of, yet still some are unaware of the intricacies of it. The same can be said for Turnitin, which is also a huge part of university work. By critically assessing the use of Turnitin, it can be discovered if there is an alternative to the online anti-plagiarism software. Therefore, this dissertation set out to analyse plagiarism based primarily on secondary research and attempts to simplify the matter for the benefit of future students. To test the effectiveness of Turnitin, a short web-based experiment was carried out, with the aim to see how much plagiarism Turnitin can find when plagiarising intentionally and to see if it can be ‘beaten’.

Understanding how narrative presentations impact stigma and punitive attitudes towards individuals with paedophilic disorder

By Gianna Cadorna Royal Holloway University of London

The public stigma towards people with paedophilic disorder was previously considered a blind spot in the stigmatisation literature. However, in recent years, we have seen increased attention to this topic, specifically researchers have emphasised the importance of reducing this public stigma towards people with paedophilia, in a bid to encourage willingness to seek therapy and thus, reducing the risk of committing child sexual abuse. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of narrative humanisation presentations in reducing the stigmatic and punitive attitudes towards people with paedophilic disorder. This was done by distributing self-administered questionnaires to a student population (N = 100). It was hypothesised that the participants in the experimental condition (narrative presentation condition) would exhibit less stigmatic and punitive attitudes towards people with paedophilic disorder, in comparison to the participants in the control condition. Our findings generally supported this hypothesis, with narrative humanisation presentations producing reduced stigmatic and punitive attitudes towards people with paedophilic disorder. Notably, medium to large effect sizes were reported for four of the outcomes (total scores, dangerousness, intentionality, and punitive attitudes). Intercorrelations of the outcomes and within-group differences were also examined. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings, at a societal and individual level, are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.

Knife Crime in Medway, UK: The Impact of Media from a Youth Perspective

By ALANYA ROSE SPILLER

School of Science, London Metropolitan University

The relationship between young people and the rise of knife crime has been a serious issue that has affected many people’s lives. The moral panics that have stemmed from the increase of injuries and deaths as seen in the media, as well as the government response to (Wood, 2010), have undoubtedly made this topic one of fragile nature and has become most memorable for youths in the last decade (Hesketh, 2019). While young people have gone unnoticed (Halsey and White, 2008), this project sets out to examine the issue with young people’s perspectives on knife crime, and as well, aims to understand the influence of media on these beliefs.

Perceptions of the Use and Effectiveness of Victim Personal Statements within West Yorkshire Police

By Sarah Butters, School of Law, University of Leeds

The most recent available data from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (2018/19) reveals that one in seven victims of crime were offered the chance to make a Victim Personal Statement – an invite to participate which should be made to every victim of crime under the entitlement of the Victims’ Code (Ministry of Justice, 2015). The police are responsible for delivering the Victim Personal Statement however, police perceptions of the scheme in England and Wales have not been the focus of research when reflecting on the reasons for these disappointing delivery statistics. Using a series of semi-structured interviews with serving West Yorkshire Police officers ranging in rank and service length, this dissertation has assessed perceptions to purpose, delivery, effectiveness, victims’ rights and improvements to Victim Personal Statements. The findings support previous studies in regard to confusion of purpose, use of a hierarchy of crime and success in offering ‘therapeutic jurisprudence’ (Erez, 1999). However, this research also suggests areas for further exploration – specifically the issue of timing of delivery, a challenge to universal victim participation and the suggestion of outsourcing such participation to civilian staff to deliver. The number of victims participating in the scheme reveals that the Victim Personal Statement, as it is currently delivered, is not working for the overwhelming majority of victims. This dissertation offers areas for further research and practical action which could result in meaningful participation for more victims of crime.

Providing Safety to the LGBTQ+ Community Within the Night-Time Economy

By Rica Alexandra Hülseberg - London Metropolitan University

This study identified patterns of victimisation not only against but, importantly, within the community. It also identified general mistrust in the police among individuals and apprehensiveness of confiding in the police about issues regarding safety within their businesses among managers and owners. This was found to be exacerbated by the force’s loss of LGBT liaison officers and therefore LGBTQ+ representation, which contributed to the police having been found unsuitable to address issues of LGBTQ+ safety as a singular agency. While the research argued for this gap to be filled by alternative organisations and solidarity within the community through inter-agency approaches, it has identified issues with the inclusivity of campaigns and intra-community victimisation. It was therefore recommended to provide more funds to alternative organisations and to task them with developing campaigns providing pertinent training to businesses and staff that is tailored to the community’s needs. A special emphasis on identifying and addressing intra-community patterns of victimisation through campaigns and dialogue has also been suggested in order to create an inclusive framework for LGBTQ+ safety within the night-time economy.

An Empirical Study of Homelessness and Crime

MSC Criminology Dissertation By Jason Taylor Leeds Becket University

This dissertation explores the relationship between homelessness and offending. The central aim is to highlight the need for more research into homelessness as a cause of offending. Basic quantitative data is collected from a small number of homeless hostels in a Northern UK city to demonstrate that offending is more common within this context. Unstructured interviews with service users and staff within these hostels were then conducted to explore offending in the context of homelessness. Results highlight that substance misuse and contact between the police and those who are homeless are important factors which require further research. Surprisingly, the physical design of homeless hostels is highlighted as a potential factor in offending behaviour for those living in them, as is staff interaction and hostel policy. Notions of ‘anomie’ and stigma are then used to frame discussions from these interviews. It is argued that there is a need for more Criminological research into this area.

The Reasons for the Emergence of a Drug Market in Rural Ireland in the period from 2009-2019. A case study of a small town in West Cork.

Darren Christopher White.

Dissertation: MA Criminology.

National University of Ireland, Cork.

Drug markets in Ireland have seen a marked change in recent years, with rural areas now comparable to urban areas in terms of drug availability and drug use. A key aim of this research is to account for the reasons for the emergence of drug markets in rural Ireland, using a small town in West Cork as a case study. A new type of drug dealing model has been identified in the UK called ‘county lines’, whereby “drug dealers are engaging in out-reach activity and travelling from their urban hub to provincial towns and cities within a wide radius of their home turf, not just to deliver their product to that location as a ‘weight’ but also to retail it there themselves” (Coomber and Moyle, 2017). European studies have shown that there is evidence of county line type drug dealing in Ireland, and a key aim of this research is to highlight this. Guided by existing literature done in Ireland and the UK, a convenience sample was utilised, and two professionals were interviewed regarding a drug market in the area. Media analysis was also employed, as several newspaper articles were reviewed to gain a contextual understanding of the local drug market. The findings of these interviews suggest that changes to the local drug market have been influenced by a multitude of factors. Foreign nationals moving into the area, from those attracted to hippy communes was the origins of this market, and it moved from a social supply model to a more entrepreneurial one as years went on, with some similarities to county lines in the UK. Money & recession and rural vulnerability are also highly influential factors to the drug market in the area.

Exploring Students’ Attitudes Towards Various Illicit Substance Use in Relation to the UK Drug Classification System

By Matthew James Williams, John Moores University, April 2017.

This study investigates students’ attitudes towards the use of various illegal drugs in relation to the classification system in the UK. Background: Though studies of this nature exist in other countries (Bullock, 2004), no such research has been conducted in the UK to date. Thus far, research has focussed on drug use prevalence rates and attitudes towards drug use (Bryan, Moran, Farrell, & O’Brien, 2000; Home Office, 2016; Ormston et al., 2010) or more recently, and slightly more relevant to the current study, whether drug harm is actually related to the current classification system in the UK (Morgan et al., 2009; Nutt et al., 2007). However, these studies fail to take into account whether the participants agree with the current classification system Therefore, this research was deemed important and necessary to provide insight into field not previously investigated in the UK. Method: This mixed design study recruited 100 undergraduate students via opportunity sample from the two university libraries.

I S BREAKING THE LAW A CLIMATE NECESSITY? A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE EXPERIENCES OF EXTINCTION REBELLION MEMBERS ARRESTED FOR PROTESTING

By Amy Jacklin, BSc Criminology. London Metropolitan University

Climate change has grown in importance over the last 20 years, with protest groups such as Extinction Rebellion (XR) becoming an interesting topic for green criminologists to study and analyse. Previous literature around green groups has been highly theoretical, with focus on the ways other societal groups view them and their actions, rather than qualitative data from the viewpoint of XR. Therefore this research aimed to fill this gap, using semi-structured interviews with 3 members of XR who have previously been arrested for their protesting actions. The data was analysed using NVivo and produced two themes: the interactions participants had with the police, the way in which formal and informal controls are used to attempt to discourage individuals from breaking the law and who the participants are and what motivations they had. This paper concludes that further research needs to be undertaken into the experiences of the BAME demographic within police custody and whilst protesting, as this study has shown how these protestors may have additional negative experiences and consequences of their arrests.

"I hope Boris Johnson watches Top Boy”: a synthetic and critical analysis of popular culture

Molly McDonnell (B.A Hons. Criminology. Liverpool John Moores University)

The ‘black urban crime’ genre has grown in popularity over the past two decades though its exploration in the UK is limited. Top Boy first appeared on our screens on Channel 4 in 2011 and returned in 2013 before being axed until its 2019 Netflix revival. This dissertation offers a synthetic and critical analysis of the representation of young black males in popular culture, drawing upon the cultural verisimilitude of the series and its vivid illustration of the issues facing the UK today. Understanding the representations in Top Boy allows media audiences to reconstruct their own social meanings around black youth and street culture, affirmation that the series will spark policy debates for years to come.

Western Female Jihad: How Can Understanding the Motivations and Roles of Western Muslim Women Joining ISIS Influence the UK’s Response?

By Daniel Scott

BA (Hons) Criminology. Sheffield Hallam University

This dissertation addresses the phenomenon of Western female Muslims migrating to join the so-called Islamic State. The report utilizes the existing literature on the subject to first of all critically discuss the pathways that lead young women and girls away from their lives in the UK and into the arms of a terrorist organisation. The second part of the report will look at the main roles carried out by these women when they get to ISIS-controlled territory and the implications for future threats to security. Finally, the third part of the report will critically analyse the UK government’s PREVENT strategy in terms of its effectiveness at dealing with the issue.

The Criminalisation of Abortion in America: Waging War on Women’s Rights. A Genealogy.

By Georgia Meyer. Leeds Becket University

The introduction of heavily restrictive abortion legislation in America has sparked international controversy surrounding the status of women’s rights, granted by Roe V. Wade. This is especially controversial due to the decriminalisation of abortion in Northern Ireland in the same year. I aim to provide insight into how similarly Westernised countries can have such conflicting ideas on the right to an abortion, and whether the introduction of heavily restrictive abortion legislation is to solely control women through a (Foucauldian) genealogy. I look at the growth and power behind the pro-life movement in America and how this is sustained through the implementation of ‘norms’ through the use of Foucauldian Power-Knowledge thesis. By identifying the social dynamics that feminist theories fail to recognise as a contribution to instituting success in anti-abortion views, I explore the context and religious significance in America using secondary data.

Repressing Mental Health Illness: Life of a Police Officer

By Susannah Hickie. University of Sheffield.

A thesis is presented on the mental health issues amongst policemen. In today’s society, it is apparent that men hide or repress mental health issues due to the associated heavy stigma. In recent years, there has been more attention on the topic of mental health and emotions. However, there has been little research into specific occupations with a high prevalence of mental ill health. Police officers deal with negativity day after day with limited insights about its effects. This dissertation describes how emotions, masculinity and mental ill health present themselves amongst police officers. The aim of this research is to understand why male policemen repress their mental health issues, what causes this and the effectiveness of available help. The mental health issues in focus are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, suicide and depression. This project uses qualitative methods to delve into the minds of policemen and retired policemen who are suffering. The key findings surround solidarity, gender, mental health, help available and the public’s views

The Implications of Imprisonment on the Mental Health of Prisoners: An Exploration from the Perspective of Staff who Work with (Ex) Prisoners

By India Papathanasiou. University of Huddersfield

This research entails an investigation into the implications of imprisonment on the mental health and well-being of (ex) prisoners, explored from the perspective of professionals who have experience in working with this cohort. This research strives to provide a deeper understanding into factors within the prison context that lead to the development or exacerbation of mental health problems amongst all prisoners. The literature review highlights an array of themes, including gym, drug use and parental imprisonment in affecting the mental health of prisoners, of which were also widely explored in the participants responses. The research serves to investigate these (and further) issues in order to tailor better services to approach the specific mental health needs of the prison population.

Sexual Violence as a Weapon in Armed Conflict: A Case Study on the Yazidi Genocide

A criminological dissertation submitted as part of the MA in Applied Human Rights, Sheffield Hallam University

During different periods of history, the Yazidis have suffered from marginalisation and discrimination because of their religion. The scale of the persecution suffered by the Yazidis was highlighted by Yazda (2017) in a report that suggested the religious minority had suffered 74 genocidal campaigns against them throughout their history. Allison (2018) highlights that they have been targeted because they are viewed as ‘devil worshippers’ due to the fact that they are a non-Abrahamic religion. They came to the forefront of the world media’s attention following the siege of Mount Sinjar where tens of thousands of Yazidis were trapped by attacking IS forces (Cooper and Shear, 2014). It has been suggested that since the so-called Islamic State started attacking Yazidi settlements in August 2014, around 3100 Yazidis have been killed, and around 6800 have been kidnapped. Ultimately, on August 3, 2014, ISIS exploited the political, social, economic, and security collapses in the country and invaded Nineveh province, including Sinjar city and the surrounding Yazidi villages in northern Iraq (Lister, 2015).

An Explorative Study of Student Perceptions of Revenge Porn Terminology

By Alan Robert Harrop, University of Derby

This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the

candidacy requirements for the degree of

MSc Criminal Justice and Criminology

In recent years, the proliferation of digital technologies has generated a means for the creation of sexually explicit content. The non-consensual dissemination of such material has sparked an increase in online abuse and is an act better known by its embellished title, Revenge Pornography (RP). Whilst the label of RP was initially useful in highlighting widespread attention to a new and emerging social harm, academics have expressed concern that its continued use is problematic as it has become a convenient, media friendly term, that focuses on the assumed motivations of the perpetrators and therefore overlooks the harms suffered by victims (McGlynn and Rackley, 2017).

Drug trafficking, the pressures of transnational organised crime on the National Crime Agency (NCA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), a comparative analysis of policing strategies within the war against drugs.

Jamie Heslop (Supervisor: Hilary Miller)

A dissertation submitted in requirement for the degree of BA Hons Criminology & Criminal Justice

University of Essex

September 2017

The following dissertation has been conducted to provide awareness into the prevalence of transnational organised crime in relation to the constant threat from drug trafficking. The study investigates the pressures drug enforcement agencies face within the war against drugs and how they currently implement strategies. Currently, however, there is a void in research published comparing the NCA and DEA, and their transnational fight making this study imperative in analysing how these drug enforcement agencies are currently coping. As a result, the research was mainly retrieved from NCA and DEA documents which were processed within a rigorous systematic review of an inclusion and exclusion process to remove vast amounts of unnecessary literature. The research presented findings into criminological theory as to why drug traffickers exist such as social disorganisation and General Strain Theory. Such theories linked to strategies enforced to disrupt transnational drug supply through implementation of HIDTA’s, National Control Strategies and the Southwest Border Initiative which findings show to be an imperative part of policing. It also became evident that current political restraints of Brexit and the Trump administration have become key areas of discussion which pose significant threats to the existence of current transnational strategies. The research concludes the importance of enforcement agencies policing strategies, presenting that without such policing skills, the transnational cartels would place the UK and U.S. communities in great detriment.

An Exploration of the Understanding and Perceptions of Sexual Consent among UCC Final Year Criminology Students.

By Eibhlín Toomey. University College Cork.National University of Ireland, Cork. School of Arts, Celtic Studies and Social Sciences.

This study sought to ascertain the understanding and perceptions of final year UCC Criminology students in relation to sexual consent. An empirical research survey was designed and disseminated to students. The findings were analysed comparative to previous research and legislation. The study found the ambiguity of current consent legislation is leading to an uncertainty of how sexual consent is given. The study also found an inconsistency in understanding consent within relationships when compared to other sexual encounters. A lack of educational influences on consent perceptions has also been strongly highlighted.

JOINT ENTERPRISE, BAME GROUPS AND GANG NARRATIVES.

By Shenée Nash. Royal Holloway University of London

This study cri tically analysed the extent to which the doctrine of joint enterprise criminalises young BAME individuals and how gang narratives contribute to the prosecution of BAME groups. By conducting three semi-structured interviews with academics and a campaign coordinator, it was discovered that the process of prosecution of young BAME groups is underpinned by a gang narrative which is fuelled by racist stereotyping. The findings suggest that from the combination of gang databases, prejudiced policing in black communities, the use of gang narratives in court and the medias’ perpetuation of gangs, young BAME groups are criminalised through joint enterprise. The legitimacy of whether joint enterprise is fair and just was also brought into question highlighting the lower evidential threshold in these cases, harsh sentencing practices and the problems with secondary liability. Recommendations are made regarding the criminalisation BAME youth who are labelled as gang-involved and the necessity for research that probes into the lives of BAME groups in their communities to prevent gang stereotyping and reduce the impact of joint enterprise on BAME individuals.

To what extent is sexual assault occurring in the night time economy normalised?

By Hannah Cashman. University of Portsmouth.

This dissertation seeks to discover to what extent sexual assault occurring in the night time economy is normalised. A mixed methodology approach was utilised consisting of an online survey and non-participant observation in the form of a Twitter analysis of the #MeToo movement. The online survey was distributed through social media and the sample included anyone over the age of 18 residing in the UK and received a total of 167 participants. A total number of 100 tweets were analysed as part of the non-participant observation.

This research upholds findings of a range of previous academic studies including the existence of notions such as rape culture and victim blaming. It has also provided new and valuable information including the environment of the night time economy can be seen to influence negative and misogynistic behaviour derived from rape culture, increasing the likelihood of a sexual assault occurring compared with during the day. Although the influence of drugs and alcohol on this issue is also notable, the night time economy as the setting for such activity to thrive, can be argued to be a facilitator of sexual assault. It also has a detrimental effect on the likelihood of reporting such an incident, not only through the repercussions of alcohol in terms of memory loss, but also as this type of behaviour is somewhat expected it hence goes unquestioned when it occurs.

COSA NOSTRA: A STUDY ON THE SICILIAN MAFIA. FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE MAXI-TRIAL AND THE CREATION OF THE 41-BIS PRISON REGIME.

By Martina Indelicato. BA Criminology. University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Criminology.

This thesis dissects the relationship between this organisation and Italy (more specifically Sicily) from its origins to its contemporary form. Hence, some key socio-historical factors are analysed and critically discussed so as to understand the relationship between Cosa Nostra, Sicilian society and Italian politics. Particularly, the dissertation concerns with the changes in methods, structure and influence of the Sicilian Mafia following the Maxi-Trial (1986-1987) and the introduction of the 41-bis prison regime as a punitive instrument towards Mafia associates. The research describes the rationale and principles of the 41-bis prison regime, as well as clearly explain the effect that this event had on Cosa Nostra’s organisational nature and impact on the wider society.

ITALIAN MEDIA’S REPRESENTATION OF FEMALE SEX OFFENDERS 2008-2014: AN ANALYSIS

By Castellani Cecilia, University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork, Criminology

Studies aiming at understanding of this group of criminals have been slowly increasing in the last few years, the academic knowledge on FSOs still remains in its early stages causing, unfortunately, a limited understanding on the public level (Elliott and Bailey, 2014). Additionally, literature seems to focus on the Anglo-Saxon perception of FSOs and very little research has been done with regards to countries like Italy. Indeed, the Italian country rarely appears in statistics, papers or researches on such topic determining a worrying, and very likely misleading, ignorance.

‘…It’s definitely lost its meaning and what it’s for…’: The changing motives of LGBT pride and its impact on hate crime against members of LGBT community

By Clare Chamberlain, University of Hull

The continuing march towards a progressive, enlightened society, may when viewed against a backdrop of increasing societal acceptance of a visible Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender [LGBT] agenda, have paradoxically facilitated an increase in hate crime.

This dissertation provides an insight into the specific views held by members of the LGBT community as to why hate crime continues to be perpetrated against them; and their opinions as to the insidious, sometimes counterproductive effects Pride events can produce, when viewed as increasingly commercialised product.

The use of semi-structured interviews for the purpose of collating real and lived experiences, is the framework for this dissertation. In turn this gathered data is used for the purpose of analysing four emerging themes, paramount as to why LGBT individuals feel hate crime is on the rise in an otherwise, contemporary, liberal society.

“It is GREAT To Enjoy Sex”: A Discourse Analysis of How Sexual Consent is Constructed in University Consent Campaigns

By Rebecca Robinson Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK

Hickman and Muehlenhard (1999) define consent as “free verbal and nonverbal communication of a feeling of willingness” with offences such as rape and sexual assault being areas in which the prosecution is to prove the absence of consent. Between 2009 and 2012, an average of 473,000 adults per year said they had been victims of sexual offences (Ministry of Justice, 2013: p.6). Previous research into consent campaigns has shown an over reliance on the victims role in preventing an attack (Bedera and Nordmayer, 2015), and a separation in understanding between negotiating sex and consent (Beres, 2014). This highlights the importance of positive understanding around consent, with an aim of lowering the frequency of sexual violence occurring against and by young adults. Adopting a social constructionist approach, this study aimed to examine how the language used in sexual consent campaigns within universities in the United Kingdom could influence the construction of knowledge and understandings of sexual consent. This was investigated using Foucauldian Discourse analysis to establish the dominant discursive patterns available to young adults. Overall, consent was constructed as a positive aspect of all sexual encounters, with the responsibility of its establishment being placed equally on both parties. The data suggested that the most beneficial way for

sexual partners to negotiate sex and fully understand each other’s feelings of willingness or refusal is to encourage an open, on going and informed discussion.

An Examination of the Role of Age, Gender and Student Status upon Perception towards Sentencing and the Criminal Justice System

By Joe Gleadall (BSC Dissertation) University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

With public attitudes towards crime loosely informing criminal justice system procedures and the appropriateness of sentences handed down over time, the need for renewed understanding around these perceptions remains important. Particularly, when considering past research suggests demographic features such as gender play an important role in both attitudes towards crime and different sentences offenders receive based upon their gender (Quas, Bottoms, Haegerich & Nysse-Carris, 2002). The aim of the present study was therefore to examine gender differences and the role of participant demographics upon perceptions towards crime and the criminal justice system. Participants were a combined sample of university students and members of the general public (n=157). Procedures involved exposing participants to the same six crime vignettes, in which both male and females commit comparable crimes. The experiment looked to observe how the gender of the participant and the gender of the “criminal” influenced the length of sentence given. Other variables such as age and education status were examined. Findings displayed although no significant differences in sentencing were found between with male and females for serious crime scenarios, a significant difference in the length of sentence for minor offences such as drink driving offences was found. Further analyses also displayed the importance of participant demographics on conviction proneness and confidence held in the criminal justice system. Theoretical and practical implications for findings are discussed.

Shades of Evil: An Interdisciplinary Gaze into the Abyss By Domenico M. Galimi (MSC Dissertation) - University of Greenwich.

This dissertation sheds light on the problem of evil by concentrating on three main questions. The first one, “what is evil”, focuses upon trying to provide a definition of the concept of evil. The second one, “who is the evil person” seeks to identify the essential characteristics of the evildoer. The last, “why is evil alluring” focuses on determining the reason why, ultimately, evil sways more and more people.

An Exploration of Animalistic and Mechanistic Dehumanisation in Public Attitudes Towards the Rehabilitation and Sentencing of Violent and White-Collar Offenders By Lloyd Christian Peter Paskell (MSC Dissertation) - University of Portsmouth

Findings showed that animalistic dehumanisation plays a significant role in public attitudes towards the rehabilitation and sentencing of violent offenders. The same results were found with white-collar offenders but in a mechanistic form. Thus, suggesting that as dehumanisation increases, public support for rehabilitation decreases, and support for higher sentences increases.

Does court attendance for young offenders impact on future offending: Youth conditional cautions vs referral orders

Laura Kavanagh (MA Thesis) University of Portsmouth.

This study assesses the impact of court attendance on reoffending for children and young people, through an assessment of the relevant literature and a preliminary study, comparing reoffending rates YCCs and ROs.

Cybercrime and the ‘Peelian Model’ of Policing: A Literature Review

By Sean Brennan, University of Portsmouth

Cybercrime’ is the term used to describe the use of internet and computer technology to engage in unlawful activity. Through its scale, anonymity and portability, the internet has revolutionised the way we live our lives while in turn giving rise to new forms of crime and deviance. Policing must adapt to this unique environment while continuing to meet conventional demand. This review summarises and critically evaluates existing research on how the internet has changed society and the demands on policing.

A critical evaluation of policy and practice responses in England and Wales for unaccompanied migrant children who are trafficked into slavery.

Miranda Trier (MA Thesis) Swansea University

The purpose of this research is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of current policy and practice responses in England and Wales to unaccompanied migrant children (UMC) who are trafficked into slavery.

Seductions of the Caliphate: A Cultural Criminological Analysis of Online Islamic State Propaganda

Ashton Rebecca Kingdon (MSC) University of Portsmouth

The Islamic State is an impenetrable world; what we know is what propagandists want us to see, and, over the past four years, the Islamic State has developed not only as orchestrators and performers of attacks, but also as professional storytellers, setting out to hijack the popular culture of the west and seduce its youth. The Islamic State has successfully industrialised its propaganda machine, and is thus now deemed to possess a more powerful propaganda apparatus than that seen in Nazi Germany (Aly et al, 2017). The research presented here took an interpretivist epistemological approach, utilising qualitative data-gathering techniques, embedded within grounded theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Methodologically, this study incorporates non-participant observation of online spaces, and a semiotic content analysis of 100 propaganda videos, in order to explore the visual persuasiveness of terrorist imagery, and, more importantly, the subcultural elements of radicalisation evident within Islamic State propaganda.

Do the actions of extremist groups segregate communities and promote hate crime: Do the English defence league (EDL) and the Muslims against crusades group (MAC) constitute a social problem? “Two sides of the same coin of hate”? By Maryam Aisha Zaman. London South Bank University.

Through the use of primary and secondary analysis this dissertation aimed to explore the actions of the English Defence League and the Muslims Against Crusades, and how they are perceived by the government, the media and the public.

Solving problems: A study into the role and importance of a community court in the South of England .

By Benjamin Slocombe, University of Portsmouth

Criminal justice professionals in the UK are seeking alternatives to the formal criminal justice system for young people. In response to this community courts have started to emerge in the UK. Community courts originally emerged out of North America during the 1990’s in response to quality of life crimes that neighbourhoods in New York faced (Atherton, 2015, p.113). The aim of this dissertation was to critically examine the importance of a community court in the UK that is offering an alternative for dealing with young offenders, as well as highlighting the issues that it faces.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST ASIAN WOMEN IN LEICESTERSHIRE 2005

By Rezia Begum, Loughborough University

This study examines the subjective experiences of Muslim and Hindu women in Leicestershire who have suffered domestic violence. It is based on in-depth semistructured interviews with ten Asian women and self-completion questionnaires completed by sixty women victims living in refuges. The guiding research questions are: age, marital status, religion, identity of the abuser, period of the abuse, forms of abuse, involvement of the police, family member awareness, agencies approached for help, frequency of medical assistance, state of mind of the abuser, thoughts of leaving and reasons for not doing so.

THE FUKUSHIMA DISASTER – A critical evaluation of the crisis management practice and accident response taken in the case of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident from the perspective of ‘risk society’ thesis and green criminology

By Yuki Taira Royal Holloway, University of London

This study, the question of whether or not the occurrence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster is ascribable to the accumulation of manufactured risk factors was addressed. In order to construct a plausible argument, this study considers the potential applications of Beck’s ‘risk society’ thesis and green criminology theory as a theoretical foundation.

Prisoners and Fine Art: What works, what doesn’t work, and why?

By Nicola Tallon. Nottingham Trent University.

This literary analysis critically examines how Fine Art can aid prisoners rehabilitation and desistance from crime by adopting Tilley and Pawson’s (2004) realist evaluation, “what works, for whom and in what circumstances?” (Pawson & Tilley 2004). In order to achieve the research aim various avenues have been examined. Firstly, taking into consideration multiple evaluations conducted on the effectiveness of Fine Art Programmes in prison settings in the USA and the UK. The strengths and weaknesses of research designs were tested using the Sherman et al. (1998) Maryland Scale.

Additionally examined are the challenges that Fine Art programme facilitators face in the running of their programmes, as well as challenges researchers face when carrying out their studies and the limitations of existing research. Furthermore, this research examines the links between high UK prisoner mental health illness levels and the therapeutic benefits of art activities that result in improved well-being for participants. Lastly, this thesis gives realistic recommendations for future research that will strengthen research design, allow for new findings, and aid the continuation of Government funding through the Transforming Rehabilitation Agenda’s (2013) payment by results strategy.

Is it Strange or is it Scary? Examining Salience and Arousal Explanations of the “Weapons Focus Effect ”

By Dominic Willmott, University of Huddersfield.

There is a mass of research literature providing evidence for the ‘Weapon Focus’ effect which although traditionally accounted for in terms of an Arousal explanation, underpinned by Easterbrook’s (1959) Cue-Utilisation Hypothesis, recently research has favoured causation of such an effect in terms of a Salience explanation, understood in terms of Schematic memory structures. However, neither explanation as of yet has been able to conclusively disprove the other. In a study measuring the physiology and memory of participants, in conditions specifically designed to improve on past literatures methodological shortfalls, the effects of both explanations were meticulously separated out in an attempt to clearly investigate differences between them. Findings displayed that although differences emerged between memory scores and levels of physiological arousal between salience and arousal conditions, such were not to a significant extent. Methodological shortfalls within the current experiment and past research studies are thought to account for the failure to produce a weapons focus effect or further significant differences, however critical evaluation and deeper consideration of the current theoretical accounts identifies the inadequacy of these explanations, as well as future suggestions on how such might be improved.

Making a Molester.

By Rachael Hannah Fowler. University of Chester/St Helens College

This dissertation offers a critical examination of the possible explanations for paedophilia by expanding on previous undergraduate research. It begins with an explanation of moral panics and how this can cause common misconceptions regarding paedophilia and child sexual abuse. Following this, the focus shifts to the topic of paedophilia by exploring intra-familial abuse and how sexual attraction can be affected by cultural and religious differences, biological influences and via social learning. The dissertation then explores societal perceptions of the female paedophile, the Madonna-whore taxonomy and the juxtaposition of the female paedophile as a victim of a patriarchal society. It concludes with an overall summary and discussion of the main findings.

Constructing the Perfect Terrorist Attack: Critical Evaluation of News Values and media representatio ns

By Ellie Ralph, John Moores University, Liverpool.

This work is a piece of systematic desk-based research that explores theories of newsworthiness and their application to terrorism in 2015. Through both quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the work explores

the extent to which news values derived from Chibnall (1977) and Jewkes (2004; 2011; 2015) apply to two specific terrorist attacks carried out by IS and Boko Haram. Using quantitative content analysis, a cross section of online newspaper articles were analysed for the presence of news values. Through qualitative content analysis, the presence of these values were then analysed in order to explore the reasons as to why the British media prioritise particular news values over others. The work also includes discussion of other theories such as Orientalism (Said, 1978), othering, labelling, media imperialism and Islamophobia to explain why non-domestic terrorism is reported in the way that it is. The researcher utilises a mixed method approach to compare how two Islamic extremist groups are represented in the British media and ultimately derives a definitive list of news values that apply to media reporting of terrorism that are a combination of values drawn from Chibnall (1977), Jewkes (2004; 2011; 2015) and this research.

HAVE COMMUNITY PROTECTION OFFICERS (CPOs) MET EXPECTATIONS?

Managerial opinions of Nottingham City Council’s wardens as policing partners

By Jordan Cashmore, Nottingham Trent University

Since the beginning of the cuts to police budgets, constabularies in England and Wales have had to make substantial savings to meet public expectations with fewer resources. In the City of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire Police have worked in a unique partnership with Community Protection Officers – police vetted and CSAS certified neighbourhood wardens employed by Nottingham City Council – for over a decade. With Nottinghamshire Police having to rely increasingly on partners to ensure adequate service delivery, it is time to ask whether CPOs as an agency and as a policing partner have met the expectations of managers in Community Protection and Nottinghamshire Police.

Having expanded in size, remit and power over the last ten years, CPOs have become an integral part of neighbourhood policing. They have met or exceeded all of the expectations held by participants and are projected to continue receiving political support in Nottingham. Their future seems uncertain, with respondents from Community Protection and Nottinghamshire Police anticipating different directions in the future of this scheme.

‘ I only respect my sisters and my mother; all other women can go to hell’: an exploration into involuntary celibates’ relationships with their female re latives.

Mia Carmen Lowther, University of Portsmouth 2023

Involuntary celibates, known as incels, are a growing online community that are renowned for their harmful and misogynistic views on women. These beliefs have had offline physical impacts, with violent attacks against women and the public claiming lives. Some attacks carried out by those associated with the incel community have killed their own female relatives, such as their mothers and sisters. There is a lack of research, however, on incel’s relationships with their female family members and how these are articulated within their online spaces. This study aimed to address these shortcomings and contribute original research to this topic by conducting thematic analysis on the popular incel forum incels.is. to explore the relationship incels present to have with their female relatives, and if this has impacted their ties to the community and its’ ideologies. Over 200 posts and comments were analysed on the forum and four themes were derived from the data; that incels generalised their relatives within their perception of all women, others made exceptions for the females they are related to, female relatives were blamed for the inceldom of users, and some posters wanted sexual relationships with their female relatives. The conclusions were that the several opposing views within the data highlights the contradictory and hypocritical beliefs that are rife in incel culture, yet they all uphold the rigid gender stereotypes of misogyny. Each theme, however, is crucial for explaining how incel ideologies link to the relationships they have with their female relatives and that exploring incel’s relationships with their female relatives is significant to understanding incel culture. This study concludes with its’ limitations and recommendations for further research.

Assessing The Extent To Which Recreational Drug Use Has Been Normalised Amongst Young Adults In England And Spain – A Comparative Study

By Carlos Puig Saenz, University of Derby

This dissertation aims to assess normalisation of recreational drug use on an English and a Spanish sample, testing the validity of the thesis created by Parker et al. (2002). The inclusion of two different countries allows a comparative assessment of the five key factors of normalisation: drug availability and accessibility, drug trying rates, regularity and recency of use, and degrees of social and cultural accommodation. The figures obtained are compared to other social studies measuring drug use, demonstrating that the rates of recreational use of drugs amongst the young-adult population remains consistently high. Respectively, 87% and 94% of the English and Spanish respondents involved in this research have been in drug offer situations, reporting cannabis to be the easiest drug to acquire. 66% and 81% of them have tried at least one drug, cannabis trying rates standing at 59% and 74% followed by the ‘dance drugs’ ecstasy and cocaine. Even though the abstainers held a negative opinion towards the topic, an average of 96% of participants selected it as the most acceptable drug, indicating – as most research suggests – that “it is only with the recreational use of cannabis that the normalisation criteria have been adequately satisfied” (Parker et al., 2002: 961).

3D Printed Firearms: Can we smell the cordite?

By Alexander Goodwin, Nottingham Trent University

Over this last year there has been a lot of media attention and controversy about a potential new crime wave of untraceable three dimensional (3D) printed firearms. However, the question remains is this all necessary? This research through a critical review of the current and potential impacts of 3D printed firearms aims to determine the level of concern that is required in relation to 3D printed firearms.

The ‘Chav’ as a Subcultural Response to the Ideological Stigmatisation of Working Class Youth in an Ontologically Insecure Postmodernity By Emily Harley-O’Neill, Nottingham Trent University

The twenty-first century, as an epoch of innovation and advancement, is riddled with perplexities of social existence. While the juvenile delinquent is by no means a novel consternation, a consumer society of cultural multiplicity and precarious relations has submerged the public imagination in existential fear of transgressive youth. The ‘chav’ is visual phenomena of expressively branded identity, of which has come to be figuratively coalesced with the origination of a criminogenic British underclass. Characteristics of welfare dependency, sexual promiscuity and worklessness are propagandised as the epitome of a moral corrupt society. Mediated stereotype acts as a deviancy reinforcer, further ostracising an outcast youth beyond the boundaries of normative reality. A deconstruction of the underclass, as contextualised in a socio-political continuum of class hatred, is necessary for interpreting of the ‘chav’ identity as a subcultural acclimatisation to the ontologically insecure self.

An Exploration of News Reporting of Paedophiles Over Time

By Michelle Karsparians, London Metropolitan University

This research explores whether there are any changes in how the UK’s national newspapers report on the trials of child sex offenders over a seven year period from 2008 to 2014 using the methodological approach of content analysis. The purpose of the research is to uncover whether there is evidence that news reporting informs its readership of changes in the understanding of child sex offenders, reporting more sympathetically on the growing medical and academic challenges to perceived perceptions of child sex crime offenders who, notwithstanding the seriousness of their crimes, are, for example, often either victims of child sex crimes themselves, or are genetically predisposed to their behaviour. There is an increasing school of thought that there is more of a requirement of medical, psychological treatment and rehabilitation and a little more understanding by society of underlying causes of such behaviour, rather than total condemnation and vilification. Does our national press, as a source of information, reflect this change of understanding about child sex offenders in its news coverage?

A critical insight into fraud and corruption, and its facilitators , in global sporting organisations in a Western European and North American context By Kirsty Teague, Nottingham Trent University

Criminology as an academic discipline is becoming increasingly aware that crime and deviance within sport is by no means trivial, yet to date there is a paucity of literature in what has been dubbed as ‘sports criminology’ (Groombridge, 2012). Through the utilisation of secondary sources, this library-based dissertation seeks to bridge the gap in knowledge, to gain a critical insight into fraud and corruption, and its facilitators, within global sporting organisations, such as FIFA. Thus, seeking to be a preliminary piece of work allying the disciplines of criminology and sport together. This dissertation argues that not only does the self-governing and self-regulating nature of global sporting organisations, facilitate fraud and corruption, but also, that the commercialisation of sport more generally has been a catalyst for the occurrence of fraudulent and corrupt practices. Whilst there are a number of individual-level criminological theories which aide the explanation of fraud and corruption conducted on an individual basis, it has been found that the nature and extent of fraud and corruption within GSOs is best explained by Messner and Rosenfeld’s (1994) institutional anomie theory. However, ultimately this dissertation took a similar stance to that of Hall and Winlow (2015), proposing that it is timely that criminology needs to expand the zemiological study of harm to become better able at explaining harms in today’s neoliberal era, in order for crime and deviance within sport to not be disregarded or trivialised.

To what extent has recreational drug use become normalised amongst young adults in contemporary society?

By Kristian Parkin, Northumbria University, UK.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the extent to which recreational drug has become normalised amongst young adults in contemporary society. Drug normalisation has been a theory that has been heavily neglected for around a decade, therefore this dissertation is extremely valuable as it provides a thorough investigation in a contemporary setting. Through the use of online self-completion questionnaires, the research has investigated; the access and availability of illicit drugs, drug trying rates, levels of recent and regular drug use, levels of social accommodation from abstainers and ‘ex’ triers, as well as levels of cultural accommodation. The research revealed that 70.5% of respondents have tried an illicit substance, whilst it is the significant minority who have never consumed some form of illicit drug. The research has also importantly revealed that non-users and ex-triers are highly tolerant of the use of drugs recreationally and many attitudes displayed are remarkably accommodating. With regard to previous research, the current research revealed that cannabis still remains to be the most normalised drug; however LSD and amphetamines can no longer be seen to hold a footing within the conceptualisation. The current research has also been revealed that cocaine appears to be gaining a substantial level of momentum and is moving away from its ‘hard drug’ classification; it could soon be situated within the conceptualisation. Overall, the research found that within the sample, recreational drug use has become further normalised and has moved significantly away from its traditional association with deviancy. Recreational drug users can no longer be simply thought of as social ‘outsiders’.

Patriarchy, Culture and Violence Against Women:A Qualitative, Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Criminal Justice Responses to Honour Based Violence in the United Kingdom. By Sara Kathrada, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.

This thesis employs qualitative methods to examine the subjective experiences of 9 South Asian females in the United Kingdom, all with varying exposure to honour based violence and the criminal justice system. Recurrent themes emerge from their accounts to suggest that abusive acts arise out of a multiplicity of cultural circumstances influenced by power and gender relations. Interdisciplinary theoretical analysis in the discourses of criminology, criminal justice, sociology, law, cultural studies, psychology and political science compliment the research, with the interplay between contradictory discourses neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism demonstrating how the volatile and pensive climates of multiculturalism embedded in contemporary issues of terrorism, sexuality and patriarchy, fracture social relations in the dichotomy of belonging and identity. The notion of honour is also explored, seen both as a tool to constrain women's self-determination and independence, and as a catalyst for violence when notions of family and community norms are challenged by women. Case descriptions from the UK are employed to illuminate how the concept of honour is used in practice, as well as highlighting problems with accountability and the lack of civil and criminal remedies that fail to provide women with adequate protection whilst covertly legitimating male violence. Recommendations based on findings include holistic responses in the provision of training for criminal justice bodies, the creation of guidelines and legislation specific to honour based violence, and the development of specialist voluntary services.

Inside Out, Upside Down: Prison, The Military And The Effects Of Parental Separation On Children

By Charlotte Dodds, University of Winchester, UK.

This dissertation explores the impact of parental separation on children’s wellbeing. Specifically, it will investigate the adverse behavioural and psychological effects of parental separation on children’s wellbeing, the possible explanations for these effects and the trauma it elicits in the lives of affected children. It does this by comparing children separated from their parents because of imprisonment with children separated because of military deployment. In doing so, this dissertation aims to ascertain whether parental imprisonment poses a unique threat to children’s wellbeing, distinct from other forms of separation. It found that parental imprisonment could be understood to pose a unique threat to children’s wellbeing on the basis that the prison context has an exclusive set of factors which adversely affect children’s wellbeing. These include issues of stigma and visitation difficulties, although casual inference is difficult to determine given that the effects could be attributed to pre-existing disadvantages in children’s lives prior to the separation and not the separation itself. It is argued that certain similarities exist between both the prison and military contexts such as the ambiguous and repetitive nature of the loss which casts doubt on the uniqueness of the prison context in affecting children’s wellbeing. Ultimately, this dissertation considers that parental imprisonment does pose a unique threat to children’s wellbeing.

“Risked To Death”: A Study into Practitioner Perception of the Implications of Scotland's Sex Offender Management System on the Rehabilitation Of Registered Sex Offenders By Mhairi Fyffe, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK.

Researchers have recently likened modern society to that of a “risk society”, a society preoccupied with risk prevention. It has been claimed that principles of justice are being jeopardised by an obsession with risk reduction, with punitive policies having little empirical basis. It is crucial that measures taken to combat sex offending are sensitive to coherent research into what evidences best practice and are not merely a panic, populist punitive response. At present, literature assessing the current system of management lacks the expert knowledge and professional experience of practitioners. This dissertation uses data collected from interviews with seven MAPPA professionals in order to enhance the understanding of the implications of Scotland’s system of management on the rehabilitation of Registered Sex Offenders. It is hoped that by doing this, a more coherent assessment of the management system can be made. The themes that are discussed are the importance of a holistic approach, problems with a misinformed public, the counter-productivity of the Scottish system of management and the assessment of MAPPA.

Political Economy, Race and Justice

By Melissa Howard, Leeds Metropolitan University , UK.

The purpose of this dissertation is to critically discuss the evolution of African Americans in the United States. The 4concern is that despite gains during the Civil Rights Movement the black race has continued to experience; exclusion, exploitation, and discrimination although at present somehow this is ‘hidden’. African Americans are disproportionately imprisoned in the United States. They account for over 50 per cent of the prison population but account for only 13 per cent of the general population. This statistic is in no relation related to an increase in offending rates. This is all in consequence to changes in policy and practice in the last forty years. These changes in the economy and law and policy in particular have in consequence meant that African Americans are still being denied full integration and citizenship. This means they are still being blocked politically, economically and socially. This research discusses the simultaneous transformations and implementations since the 1970s this is inclusive of the neoliberal project, the ‘war on drugs’ and the ‘prison industrial complex. It becomes apparent that these all interlink and help to keep political and economic elite interests in increased wealth through profitability, at the expense of the black race.

Scamming Black Widow Killers: Investigating a weirdly unexplored type of romance scam

By Ann Gransbury, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This research examines one type of ‘Black Widow’ killer as an unexplored area of romance scams. Black Widow killers murder those close to them, usually those who they have some form of romantic association with, such as a husband or lover, however, they also prey on their own relatives. The type of Black Widow killer focused upon in this research is those who murder for the purpose of financial gain, through using romance to initiate the process. These killers are referred to as ‘Scamming Black Widow killers’. The notion that such a killer could be identified as a type of romance scam is due to these killers and those fraudsters conducting romance scams having the same motivations. Romance scams involve fraudsters romancing their victims to form a trustworthy ‘relationship’, to then defraud them of their finances. The crime of murder itself, committed by Black Widow killers, is extremely serious in that it requires attention. There is no way to fully understand the incidence of Black Widow murders, as it is possible for some to go undetected or possibly ruled as accidental deaths. The other crime of non-lethal romance scams discussed in this research is also a serious crime, which can result in high quantities of money lost, and great emotional pain for the victims. Although these two crimes are separate, the link between them has previously been weirdly unexplored. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap, proposing Scamming Black Widow killers to be understood as one type of romance scam.

Male Rape: The Unseen World of Male Rape

By Aliraza Javaid, University of Leicester, UK.

This research explores the phenomenon of male rape and how the police recognise it, together with uncovering male rape myths in a local police force. Whilst male rape research is expanding, it was found that the police have a lack of knowledge, understanding, awareness, and specialised training of male rape. Therefore, police officers’ attitudes, ideas, views, perspectives, and beliefs on specific topics pertinent to male rape are discussed. This project also seeks to comprehend gender expectations and stereotypes of men, so as to comprehend the prevalence of male rape, the negligence of male rape, and the under-reporting/recording of male rape. Moreover, because male rape is a part of sexual violence, feminist theory is used as a foundation for this project, since feminism seeks gender equality. Ultimately, this research emphasises the need for the police to adequately manage male rape victims and take male rape seriously, without any negative attitudes, ideas, views, perspectives, and beliefs.

Male Rape: The ‘Invisible’ Male

Female rape attracts a lot of attention in the social sciences, but male rape is greatly overlooked by feminism, which searches to highlight the gendered nature of rape. As a result, there is a lack of numerical evidence on male rape, although it is necessary to classify the theoretical development of male rape as a social issue as it looms across the social research discourse. Therefore, it is important to examine this growth because the current direction of the research on male rape has worrying ramifications for how male rape is theorised. Male rape in the 21st century is problematic because males are still frightened to report for a wide range of reasons. Therefore, explanations of underreporting are examined, how male rape is considered in criminology, the police, and how male rape victims are construed within the law, prison, media, and support organisations. Ultimately, this dissertation stresses the need to account adequately for both female and male rape victims alike.

From the‘Bootlegger' to the ‘Pirate': A Comparative Analysis of the Illegal Music Industry

By Daniel Shepherdson, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The effect of the media and what they can do cannot be ignored as it plays such a crucial part in daily life. This is highlighted by the recent Leveson inquiry which considered whether the press needed regulating. This thesis considers the effect of one of the fastest growing types of media, social media. In the UK alone, social network site Twitter registered around ten million users in 2012 (Guardian, 2012). A large percentage of the UK now has access to these social networking sites. This study explores the changing nature of media representations of the British police and the implications that social media may have on perceptions of the police. This will be achieved be examining the literature surrounding media representations of policing, followed by a discussion of five qualitative, primary research interviews with journalism students, which that examine the use of social media, engagement with police related content and influence of social media on opinions of the police. This thesis covers areas of media effects research that this author believes have not yet been addressed and so aims to fill a gap in the literature. Significantly, this research hopes to develop knowledge on, and allow the reader to understand the impact of the changing nature of media representations of the police on how the police are perceived. The findings suggest that social media enables users to be more involved in the democratic processes of government organisations, but what also happens is that people may be exposed to more damaging footage of the police, take in smaller amounts of information and still be greatly influenced by mass media organisations, who are the main context setters of news. Public opinion may be no better informed then before. Representations become more complicated, and so views of the police become more extreme and varied, which in turn may create more tension over opinions on the police.

‘Policing in Great Britain has always been as much a matter of image as much as of substance' The Changing Nature of Media Representations of the Police and the Effect on Public Perceptions: From Mass Media to Social Media By Joshua Walmsley-Lycett, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation aims to analyse and compare the ever-evolving illegal music industry, both past and present. Specifically, this research will focus on the bootleg boom which occurred in the late 1960’s, with online piracy of today, which was enabled by the invention of the Internet. The approach undertaken aims to supply a brief history of both bootlegging and piracy, and to determine the actual financial impact the illegal music industry has had on official record sales. The study will utilise secondary research, as well as an in-depth interview with an individual involved in the pioneering of bootleg records in the late 1960’s.

Can The Police Prove Evidence of Non-Consent? By Angie Neville, University of Teesside, UK.

The aim of the research is to explore whether the quality of evidence of non-consent, gathered from female victims of acquaintance rape in an East Midlands Police force area in 2010/11, is sufficient for a successful prosecution. Whilst the numbers of reported rapes has steadily increased, the conviction rate does not reflect this. The offence of Rape has the highest attrition rate of all serious crime and the contention is this is often due to insufficient evidence. This may be due to poor investigative interviewing of victims by the Police, hence the requirement for this research. This dissertation met the research aim through an extensive study of the relevant literature and the implementation of a multi-method approach, designed to collect empirical data from practitioners with expertise in the research area. The latter was carried out via semi-structured interviews and an evaluation of interviews conducted with rape victims. The findings were analysed in an attempt to assess the current quality of evidence of non-consent.

Vulnerabilites and Responses to Terrorist Financing: An Exploration of Informal Value Transfer Systems, Islamic Charities, Businesses And Financiers By Joshua Morris, University of Derby, UK.

Since the events of September 11th 2001 the international community has explored various measures of tackling terrorism, one of these measures and one which has been explored less is the tackling of terrorism financing. President Bush announced the first stage of the War on Terrorism with an attack against the terrorist financial infrastructure, but since then there has been relatively little focus on this tactic. Due to the activities of al-Qaeda being mainly under the radar, this study only offers an exploration and insight into the vulnerabilities and effectiveness of the measures targeted at terrorist financing. Therefore it was not possible to offer a full conclusion on the findings and the effectiveness of the measures targeted at them. The findings on Informal Value Transfer Systems (IVTS) suggested that the system could be as clean and only as vulnerable to terrorist financing as the formal banking system for example. However as it has been stressed in this study, as there is no effective measure to confirm what effect any tactic deployed against al-Qaeda is having it cannot be said for certain. The findings on Islamic charities suggested that this source of terrorist financing is much more vulnerable to terrorist financing than the other two areas discussed. The reasons found for this were that the humanitarian consequences that these measures can cause make it difficult for governments and bodies to apply strict measures to this source. The final source discussed was businesses and financiers and the findings on this area were found to be the most inconclusive, as there were many conflicting opinions from authors present. However the evidence which highlighted the role financiers had in funding the 9/11 attack underlined the threat and vulnerability this source has in terrorist financing.

Does Secondary Psychopathy Exist? Exploring Conceptualisations of Psychopathy and Evidence for the Existence of a Secondary Variant of Psychopathy By Christopher Thomas Gowlett, University of Derby, UK.

A growing body of theory and related research has proposed the idea that psychopathy may be no longer consist of a homogenous population of individuals who share common etiological and phenotypic features. Rather, it is now proposed that psychopathy may be further segregated into primary and secondary variants that score similarly on measures of psychopathy (e.g. Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003)) and yet differ in elements of their personality, behaviour and the etiological factors implicated in their development. Utilising secondary research in order to conduct a critical review of the related literature, this study set out with the primary aim to critically evaluate evidence for the existence of a secondary variant of psychopathy. Further to this, a secondary aim was to investigate historical and contemporary conceptualisations of psychopathy and its operationalisation through its measures.

The Effectiveness of Youth Mentoring in a Criminal Justice Context

By Hannah White, University of Derby, UK.

The overall aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of youth mentoring as a criminal justice intervention. It not only analyses the effect it has on offending behaviour, but also assesses the impact it has on other aspects of a young person’s life. In addition, it examines the importance of a meaningful relationship between a youth and their mentor in achieving a successful mentoring outcome. A comprehensive review of the current literature in relation to youth mentoring suggests that it can have a number of benefits, including increased school competency, enhanced social skills and improved family relationships to name a few; however, the findings do not support its use as a criminal justice intervention on such a large scale, as the impact it has on offending is argued to be modest at best. As youth mentoring is an increasingly popular method of crime reduction and prevention in the United Kingdom (UK), it is important to examine its effectiveness in greater detail. A case study of a sixteen year-old youth and his male mentor from a local Youth Offending Team was carried out using two semi-structured interviews. Through a process of thematic analysis, it is suggested that youth mentoring can have a significant impact on a young person in a number of ways, particularly in the presence of a good quality relationship between mentee (youth) and mentor.

Moral Panics, The Media and Male And Female Offenders of Child Sexual Abuse

By Rachel Allsopp, University of Derby, UK.

It is argued that the media is the main instigator of moral panics and that their depiction of male and female offenders of CSA differs based on their predisposed gender roles. An extensive literature review was undertaken in order to explore the differences between how male and female offenders of CSA are portrayed. It was found that female offenders were reported based on a ‘virgin’ or ‘whore’ paradigm and that they are classed as doubly deviant. Females who commit CSA go against their predisposed gender roles and carry out their offences under the guise of motherhood. Male offenders, on the other hand, are deemed evil and the use of the term paedophile is broadly applied giving society a false impression of sex offenders. It is also noted within this dissertation that the CJS respond differently depending on the sex of the offender. Female offenders appear to be taken less seriously whereas male offenders are vilified as a gendered group and the media takes it upon themselves to take vigilante action or encourage vigilante action as they perceive themselves as being the guardians of society. It was found that moral panics about male offenders of CSA are more prevalent than female offenders of CSA and this could be due to the consensus that CSA offenders are only male and that the few cases involving females are due to male coercion or not believed. This was found to be not true in the case of people such as Rose West who was sexually deviant before she met Fred West. It is suggested that the media with their influential ability should educate society rather than focus on playing on the fears of society and that the CJS needs more training with regards to female offenders.

Restorative Injustice: Barriers to Victime Engagement in Restorative Justice

By Rachel Harding, University of Derby, UK.

Restorative Justice has been used informally by other names for many years, but it is only recently that it has become a source for widespread debate. With the current economic crises, finding the most effective way of combatting recidivism and so reducing the cost of crime has become paramount in the eyes of the police, the public, and the government. Restorative Justice is often posited as a cheaper, more effective alternative to imprisonment, but it has the shortcoming of relying almost solely on the permission and participation of the victims. This report seeks to discover and analyse possible barriers to victim engagement in Restorative Justice with a view to making recommendations on how to remove or alleviate these. By creation of a Literature Review, it was discovered that, although popular media represents a usually negative view of Restorative Justice, the majority of victims and offenders in studies discussed felt positively about it. The statistics also showed Restorative Justice in a good light when considering recidivism. However, there were no projects that addressed victims of assault in Derby. To this end, a questionnaire was created and completed by thirty victims of assault selected through Witness Service in Derby. The answers were then analysed to fully benefit from the information within and the results were presented within coding frames. It was found that Restorative Justice was not a well-known practise, with less than half of the sample having previous awareness of the scheme. It was also found that there was a great deal of confusion concerning perceived effectiveness of the scheme, and there were few that answered directly to the questions over choosing an ambivalent answer. Overall, there was a general view that Restorative Justice can be good for both victims and offenders in certain situations, but can also be damaging if not applied properly.

The Victim’s Role in the Justice Process

By Ryan Ruddy, University of Cincinnati, USA.

This paper is written to address the role of the victim in the criminal justice process. Secondary data analysis is the method used for the research. The data include governmental, law, scholarly, and victim’s rights studies. The purpose of this paper is to suggest changes to the victim’s role and expectation in the criminal justice process. The reader is taken through the historical approaches to victim involvement in the criminal justice process, to contemporary issues that victims of crime face, the paper goes on to discuss changes that should be made for the justice system to leave victims more satisfied with their involvement. Multiple approaches pertaining to violent and minor crime are taken into consideration. Finally, this paper addresses challenges to implementing legal changes to victim’s roles.

The Extent of Student Knowledge on the Current UK Drugs Policy, and Their Perception of Harms In Illegal Drugs By Coral Higson, University of East London, UK.

This project will measure university students’ knowledge on the current classifications of drugs and the sentencing penalties resulting from possession of an illegal drug. In addition the perceptions of how harmful drugs can to be. This will be done through self-completion questionnaires from a sample of 42 students from the University of East London. One of the main aims of the UK drug policy is to deter the public from consuming illegal drugs. However, previous studies have shown that young people have the highest level of illegal drug consumption, suggesting that drug policy is not working as effectively as it could be. The results of this study indicated a lack of knowledge on the current drugs policy and varying views of the harms drugs carry.

Anti-Drugs. Pro_Reform? Why is the UK Reluctant to Adopt Consequentialist Approaches to Policing Drugs? By Daniel Courton, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

‘If you are anti-drugs, you should be pro-reform’ – Nick Clegg (BBC, 2012). In 2012 a Home Affairs Select Committee recommended a Royal Commission into UK drug policy to investigate whether Portugal’s decriminalisation policy could be adopted (HASC, 2012). These calls were echoed in 2013 with the All-Party Parliamentary Group Report into Drug Policy Reform (APGRDR, 2013). Both were carried out by party-politicians and supported by academics, yet these calls were rejected by Prime Minister David Cameron who stated that current approaches were succeeding (BBC, 2013). Moreover, at the time of writing, Brighton council is considering the use of decriminalised drug-use rooms, attracting similar criticism (BBC, 2013c). Why is the case? Why is the UK reluctant to adopt such consequentialist approaches to policing drugs when other nations are seeing successes and endorsements from professionals? What is the cultural context behind this? This thesis is a literary analysis that presents a cultural comparison of the UK and Portugal to establish cultural explanations as to why the UK is reluctant in adopting consequentialist drug approaches when compared to other nations. This writer concludes that the UK is an embodiment of Young’s Exclusive Society and Garland’s Culture of Control and it is this cultural context that creates a reluctance to pursue such a consequentialist strategy as CJS policy is a reflection of a nation’s culture. The importance of understanding the influences cultural context possess regarding drug policy development is highlighted. Therefore if there are any desires to change policy, cultural change is recommended for acceptance. Thus, further cultural comparisons regarding drug policy between different nations are recommended with a focus on the BRIC nations to reflect drugs’ global attributes and the changing nature of this world.

Cruel and Unusual

By Nicola Murray, University of Bedfordshire, UK.

This research’s intent was to explore the issue of sex offending and in particular the use of sex offender registries within United Kingdom and America; looking at the impact of labelling, from the perspective of the offender and their families. Secondary research was used to gather the relevant studies together from both countries perspective in a cross cultural exploration using an implicit binary comparison of United Kingdom and America, to discuss the question of cruel and usual punishments. A considered effort was made to only use research which was taken from the offender’s perspective. Legislation from both countries was discussed, with the intention of highlighting the key comparisons and differences. Key figures show a decrease in sex offending while, evidence suggests a continued public unrest; England’s human rights policies are explored, as are the tougher legislations within the United States. Research indicated United Kingdom has sufficiently less sex offenders per 10,000 people than America. Moral panics, society’s morality and media influences are researched, these are used to demonstrate that public notification and restriction programs could be seen to infringe on the human rights of an individual and have a detrimental effect on any rehabilitation.

Life as a Cop - The Impacts of Policing on Police Officers: Is Policing a Lifestyle Choice?

By Ruth House, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The face of policing is changing. This research examines the impact that the role of a police officer has on those who perform it. Through semi-structured, qualitative interviews, it explores the various pressures that are placed on officers throughout their role; the impact these have upon them as people; and the way in which they live their lives. In doing so, it seeks to determine whether policing is a lifestyle choice. For the first time in over 30 years, police forces in England and Wales are being subjected to significant reforms at the recommendation of Tom Winsor. Moreover, due to governmental cuts to funding, there is now more demand than ever on the police to be an efficient, effective and resourceful public service. This climate of transition and change within policing, forms the context within which this research enquiry sits. Whilst these changes have only just begun to take effect, invariably they have, and will, continue to create additional pressures with which officers must contend. Thus, during a time when police officers are placed, more than ever, at the forefront of public and political scrutiny, it is important that the pressures engendered within their contemporary role are fully understood and, crucially, do not go unrecognised. Currently, police performance is quantified, for these stakeholders, through numerical performance indicators. However, the findings of this research have led the researcher to question how practicable this really is, and whether measuring performance in this way is unintentionally hindering officers, the police service, the government and, potentially, the social recovery of society.

Neoliberalism, Social Harm and The Financial Crisis

By Rachel Burton, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK.

This research analysis set out to examine and explore the relationship between neoliberalism and social harm theory in the US and the UK, to see if the effects of neoliberalism can be described as social harms. This exploration included the definition of the perceived notion of crime and how certain harms are not valued under criminal law. It used previous literature to assess and discover the impacts neoliberalism (as a form of capitalism) has on society (in terms of its political ideologies). Whilst also developing an understanding of the argument from critical criminologists who suggest a move to the social harm approach would be beneficial. The interest in this research was born out of the 2008 financial crisis, its causes and the responses to it. From this analysis it can be seen that there is a strong link between neoliberalism and the production of social harms. It was concluded that further research is required to push forward the need for these social harms to be recognised as unlawful.

Sex Trafficking of Women and Children in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: The Global Politics of Exploitation By Justyna Syla, University of East London, UK.

This project examined the phenomenon of human trafficking in the context of sexual exploitation. It focused on women and children, as the victims, because these groups are the most vulnerable. Furthermore, it presented methods of recruitment, reasons for targeting particular types of people and the consequences the victims suffer from sex trafficking. The international routes of human trade within Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States were also outlined. This included forms of transport and passage, destination countries and origin points. Human trafficking was defined and its occurrence and existence historically was critically evaluated. Furthermore, development of international legislations and awareness raised within the countries where the problem exists was presented. Moreover, this project illustrated different perceptions of trafficking which are linked to creation of diverse laws and approaches by various states to tackle this crime.

Unravelling their Misrepresentations and Understanding the Cause: An exploratory study into domestic violence concerning gay men By Daniel Malcolm Nixon, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.

The concept of domestic violence has predominantly been understood within a heterosexual context where women are situated as the victims of both her gender and by her partner. Very little research has been conducted to explore domestic violence in non-heterosexual relationships. Many misconceptions have surrounded the occurrence of abusive behaviours within the relationships of gay men, which have most importantly contributed to its concealment, rejection and fundamentally its very existence as a problematic issue that society faces within the contemporary world. Therefore, this study pursues to unravel and enlighten this topic by exploring how such violent behaviour is caused, constituted, constructed and understood in late modernity by those gay men who have been subjected to it. The research adopts a qualitative approach using semi structured interviews to obtain ‘thick descriptions’ of how men have experienced domestic violence within intimate same sex relationships. The data gathered has been thematically analysed using grounded theory to explore what appear to be the central causes, processes and societal perspectives of the topic. The notion of crystallisation has also been used to drive its exploratory aim in providing a deepened understanding of domestic violence from various viewpoints. The findings indicate that domestic violence within the intimate relationships of gay men lack recognition, are misconceived, gay men struggle to self realise their victimized position and that current service provisions are inconsistent as well as ineffective at confronting the problem due to both heterosexist and sexist stereotypes. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that through exploring the lives of gay men, domestic violence is potentially an occurring feature within the discourse of a gay mans life, and that exploration must be continued if a thorough understanding of such a concealed topic is to be revealed.

I shop therefore I am; does the society of consumption drive criminal activity in late liquid modernity?

By Grace Morrison, University of Teesside, UK.

This small scale research project utilises secondary analysis of 6 texts to lay the foundations into the study of criminal motivation in an increasingly individualised society. In order to achieve this it traces the history of criminology as a science and consumption as a socially constructed phenomenon back to their inceptions. It explores how consumption has become the grand narrative in contemporary society and examines the political and economic context in which this has flourished. It traces criminological thought back to its founders and assess the impact on which it has on modern criminological thought, whilst noting the flaws in its foundations. It will argue and demonstrate how desire has been manipulated in the core of our biological being and harnessed into consumerism allowing the Kenyan capitalist economic system to grow. It will show the relationship this holds to modern criminal activity. This paper will conclude that access to the consumption market is the Holy Grail for modern citizens and criminal activity is a result of exclusion to this market and of a revolutionizing process of repression from our basic animalistic drives. It will also show that criminology as an academic discipline and practical science needs to move away from its preoccupation with controlling crime risks and encourage more original thought into discovering individual criminal motivations, rather than nostalgically comparing out dated and flawed theories.

The Criminal 'Edgework' Alternative Hypothesis: Is the Advancement of Entertainment and Communications Media Reducing Crime? By Simon Hayward, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

In an unexpected turn, the Western world is experiencing a steady reduction in crime, which began in the mid – 1990’s. In an attempt to make sense of this 15 year crime drop, Criminologists have been proposing many different explanations, all of which suffer from a lack of evidence to provide validity and reliability. The idea is that this 15 year crime drop is partly due to the unintended consequences of some form of relatively new human activity or invention. The proposition put forward within this dissertation is whether the advancement in entertainment and communications media has played a part in this crime recession. The argument is that this advancement in media technology has provided a substitute and a distraction from committing real life crime. The new emerging trend in Criminology has been to cite Routine Activities Theory as an explanation for the crime drop, and given that the advancement in entertainment and communications media has been an obvious change in society, the theory has been incorporated into this study. The notion of ‘edgework’ is also a focus, as it is an original and interesting concept that humans craving for the exhilaration of risk can cause crime, and that modern day media technologies may provide an alterative avenue to feed this craving. We may call this hypothesis: The ‘Edgework’ Alternative Hypothesis. Ultimately, however, it is clear that the study suffers from the same lack of evidence and support that other explanations suffer, and that further research is needed in order to validate the research. At present, the research is very much down to individual opinion.

Does Early Aggression Predict Whether A Child Will Go On To Be Antisocial?

By Jana Trajkovska, Navitas College of Public Safety, UK.

The following socio-criminological study seeks to discover how modern society perceives early childhood aggression as a predictor of future antisocial behaviour. This report investigates links of causal factors of aggression and antisocial criminality, through the collection of published literature, public surveys and professional interview analysis. Theorists have linked antisocial personality traits to violent criminality since the 1930’s (Moeller 2001, p.2000).The current interest however lies with the causes of antisocial behaviour- much established research being dedicated to the causal factors of violent offending. Early aggression is on the other hand sparsely investigated within published research; however authors that have made the link and covered this topic show that it is an important area to consider further research into, to satisfy the ultimate aim of adequate crime prevention. The goal of this report is to uncover what modern society’s views are on early childhood aggression as a predictor of future antisocial behaviour. This report investigates links of causal factors of aggression and antisocial criminality through the collection and critique of published literature, public surveys and professional interview analysis. Within this paper you will find a literature review, a research proposal and a final report- consisting of analyses of the data collected.

The EU Plan of Action on Combating Terrorism: An Ambiguous and Redundant Tool of Governance

By Thomas Delaney, University of Westminster, UK.

‘The most powerful military in the world cannot invade, kill or capture a network or destroy every loose weapon on the planet. The best response to this network of terror is to build a network of our own -- a network of like-minded countries and organizations that pools resources, information, ideas, and power. Taking on the radical fundamentalists alone isn’t necessary, it isn’t smart, and it won’t succeed’ (Biden, 2006 cited in Crenshaw, 2007) This report is a conservative, unprecedented attempt to evaluate and address the EU Action Plan for Combating Terrorism and wider EU counter-terrorism policy initiatives through a multidisciplinary lens. An ambiguity-conflict nexus has been distilled from a systematic literature review of differing perspectives that equate to policy entrepreneurs evoking ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors within policy formation and implementation. Furthering this, an empirical content analysis of the Action Plan and related EU counter-terrorism documents and their evolution since September 11th 2001 highlight the overriding ambiguity-conflict nexus within EU counter-terrorism initiatives. Lastly, this report concludes that the ambiguity and conflict within the Action Plan that arose from policy entrepreneurialism and the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ perspectives, contradicted the central requirement of a managerialist, hierarchical governance that the Action Plan hoped to achieve (Yonah, 2002; 2006; Council of the European Union, 2004a; 2004b).

A Case Study into the Introduction of the Federal Reserve Act 1913 and its Legitimisation of Crime

By Shaun Yates, University of Central Lancashire, UK.

The purpose of this study is to distinguish the useful and harmful aspects of Fractional Reserve Act 1913 is. This study concludes by stating that the act is destructive in nature and needs to be readdressed. This study analyses the Act, questioning its moral legitimacy and practicality. It analyses how the Act was created, who published it, why it was created and how useful it is for society. As a result of this research, the harms this Act has created are exposed. An investigation into the act’s history is also conducted raising questions over the legitimacy of the Acts original creation. The authors and publishers of the Act are criticised for manipulating policy in order to achieve private agendas.

The Significance of Regulating Prostitution

By Nazmina Begum, Manchester Metropolitan University , UK.

This dissertation will focus on the significance of regulating prostitution. The UK Government currently regulates prostitution because the conduct attracts many problems such as drug use, violence, public nuisance, organised crimes, human trafficking, child prostitution, and exploitation. However, these problems are still present in the UK. Thus, there have been suggestions that perhaps the UK should take a different approach to prostitution to tackle these problems more effectively. This dissertation will aim to formulate a framework for the UK Government that will best tackle these drastic problems. This dissertation will present an evaluation of prostitution and prostitution laws in history. This dissertation will specify whether prostitution should be accepted as a trade like any other lawful trades or whether the UK should view prostitution as oppression, slavery, and coercion. Finally, there will be an investigation into the reform proposals to demonstrate the significance of regulating prostitution and whether any changes to the current UK laws and policies on prostitution could be made in order to pragmatically tackle the underlying problems of prostitution.

An examination of the ‘Breaking the Cycle’ Green Paper to determine whether the proposed increase in the use of restorative justice is more likely to reduce the recidivism rates of young offenders than the current criminal justice system By Laura Hush, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This research paper considers the proposals put forward by the Government in the ‘Breaking the Cycle: Effective Punishment, Rehabilitation and Sentencing of Offenders’ (Ministry of Justice, 2010) Green Paper against theories of desistance from crime. This is to determine whether the proposed increase in the use of restorative justice could decrease recidivism rates of young offenders, or whether the current criminal justice system has a greater ability to achieve this. The major difference between the current criminal justice system and restorative justice is that, whilst the current criminal justice system focuses predominantly on punishing the offender, restorative justice concentrates on addressing the underlying reasons for the behaviour and the perspective of the victim. This difference is focussed on throughout the analysis. This research found that young offenders’ desistance from crime can be a result of them maturing, though it is also assisted by strong links with the local community and wider society, for example through work or relationships. As such requirements are met more closely by restorative justice practices; it seems that this would be better placed than the current criminal justice system to decrease young offenders’ recidivism. The detailed reasons for this finding are discussed in this research.

To What Extent Has Facebook Become a Conduit for Criminal Activity?

By Victoria Loizou, University of Hull, UK.

The wide availability of the internet has brought massive changes in the ways by which communication can be achieved and in many instances have replaced traditional methods of correspondence. Increasingly popular is the use of social network sites which are one of the many ways by which computer mediated communication can be achieved. The massive growth of this sort of interaction has consequently attracted a large amount of media attention particularly following incidents of criminal activity that came to light. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the extent and nature of criminal activity of most popular social networking site, Facebook, and to determine whether the risks and warnings highlighted in the news and other media regarding the use of social network sites are justified.

Media Representations of Male and Female ‘Co-Offending’: How female offenders are portrayed in comparison to their male counterparts

By Kathleen Evans, University of Chester, UK.

Through the method of Critical Discourse Analysis this dissertation examined how female co-offenders are portrayed in comparison to their male counterparts within different forms of media. Existing literature on gender assumptions and the notions of masculinity and femininity and how they are reiterated in relation to the offender within the media sphere, were vital in not only providing the foundations for this dissertation but also the focus for the analysis. Concentrating on two different cases of male and female co-offending; Vanessa George and Colin Blanchard and Maxine Carr and Ian Huntley, a review of the literature relating to each of the partnerships was initially undertaken before critically analysing the linguistic features of a selection of headlines and two documentaries relating to each of the cases. Informed by the literature, due to the preconceptions surrounding femininity it was predicted that within both forms of media the female offender in each case would receive the majority of the negative attention and due to their gender would be demonised far more than the male. Whilst the analyses of both sets of headlines revealed this to be true, interestingly the documentary relating to Maxine Carr appeared to take on a far more balanced stance.

A Critical Analysis of the Justifications of Imprisonment as Punishment and the Culture of Punitiveness in Comparison to the Realities of Prison Life within England and Wales By Nicola Dewhurst, University of Leeds, UK.

This project will aim to identify why imprisonment is considered to be the primary and most preferable form of punishment within England and Wales. To do this, historical and traditional notions of the penal system will be considered in depth before it is ascertained if such values are outdated, unjustifiable or ineffective in modern society. The penal system will be largely deconstructed in an attempt to remove normative and familiar assumptions and rhetoric that may taint objectivity of judgements. Essentially, this means that the penal system will be stripped of societal connotations (in so far as is possible given the arguable subjectivity of all human debate), in an attempt to reach a non-prejudiced, non-perverted conclusion about the justifiability of imprisonment as punishment, and the subsequent consequences that has for offenders.

How Punitive are the British Public?: An Evaluation of Kingston University Student’s Opinion By Kate MacLeod, Kingston University, London, UK.

This dissertation researches the ‘punitive’ nature of Kingston University student’s opinions towards the sentencing of offenders. Using Hough and Roberts’ (1999) study ‘Sentencing Trends in Britain: Public Knowledge and Public Opinion’ as inspiration, the knowledge of two cohorts of students on the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and its practices, is tested to determine the origins and reliability of the sources they use to form their opinions. John Pratt’s notion of ‘penal populism’ (2007) will be explained in relation to its influence on the two groups of students. According to the findings of Hough and Roberts (1999) it is considered that the ‘not informed’ students would express more punitive attitudes due to their ‘lack of knowledge’ of the CJS and the populist punitive nature of the mass media they are exposed to (Pratt; 2007).

Self-Inflicted Deaths in Prison: An Exploration of INQUEST’s Challenges to State Power

By Carly Speed, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.

In a modern day society dominated by a culture of crime and punishment there has been an increased use of prisons which has resulted in the prison population in England and Wales reaching an all time high. This persistent use of prisons has resulted in an increasingly vulnerable population being in the care of the state. Statistics demonstrate that self-inflicted deaths in prisons is a persistent problem which raises serious questions regarding the state’s ability to adequately care for prisoners wellbeing. This is where the charity INQUEST has been instrumental in supporting and campaigning for the rights of these prisoners and their families. This dissertation examined the work of INQUEST including their main achievements and problems they face as a counter hegemonic organisation. To discover this information, a vast amount of data was gathered from various staff members at INQUEST, historically right through to the present day. The dissertation was able to develop a profound understanding of how a counter hegemonic organisation like INQUEST can successfully challenge the state’s dominant truths surrounding the topic of self-inflicted deaths in prison and develop alternative truths as a result of their dedicated and tireless work.

The Police Uniform: Power, Authority and Culture By Camilla De Camargo, University of Salford, UK.

The highly recognisable and iconic nature of the police uniform is arguably the most powerful tool of the police trade. The power and authority it bestows on its’ wearers can only serve to have some ‘contaminating’ effect on officers. This study uses qualitative interview data obtained from nine police officers accessed via a Police Neighbourhood Team over a two week period in December 2011. The resulting data was used in an attempt to explore the links between power, authority and the wearing of the police uniform and to discuss the social impact their occupation has on their lives outside the force.

Contemporary Controversies Surrounding Capital Punishment: How does the deterrence theory, victim participation and human rights impact upon current debate? By Rosie Grant, University of Leeds, UK.

This dissertation examines three issues of capital punishment that are central to current debate. The areas that are of concern include: the efficacy of the deterrent effect, the role and impact for victims in capital cases and human rights influences. In the evaluation of the deterrence effect, the retrospective data revealed that murders and sanctions are independent phenomena. A comparison of abolitionist and retentionist states in the United States of America informed us that there is no apparent correlation between imposing the death penalty and a reduction in the average homicide rate. There are various other social and demographic factors that may have more impact upon crime. It is argued that the four main dimensions of punishment that the deterrence theory relies upon – severity, certainty, celerity, and publicity – are not exercised sufficiently for the death penalty to act as an effective to deterrent to murder in the United States of America.

Women in Prison: A Forgotten Population?

By Brogan Currie, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK.

This dissertation examines the gendered experiences of women in prison. Women comprise just 5% of the total UK prison population therefore it is argued that the specific needs of imprisoned women are being overlooked in the development of policy. As a result, there is a view that women are being disadvantaged in terms of the delivery of services within the prison regime including access to appropriate prison rehabilitation programmes and healthcare provision. The literature review identifies the differences in the way men and women experience prison through examples of discrimination. It also highlights the key differences between male and female prisoners including offence type, life experiences and coping mechanisms therefore recognising them as a unique group in need of specialised treatment. However, an investigation into prison rehabilitation programmes and the specific issues facing women in custody such as gynaecological health, pregnancy and childcare, revealed a distinct lack of gender-specifity in available services. It concludes that the small numbers of female prisoners have been subsumed into the majority male population and as a consequence, their needs are failing to be met during custody. This reduces the overall effectiveness of imprisonment as a punitive sanction for women offenders, suggesting that perhaps an entirely new approach is needed.

Crime Reducing Entertainment: The Contribution of Media Entertainment and Communication Technologies to the UK’s Victimisation Drop By Jordan Cashmore, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The crime drop of the western industrialised world has baffled criminologists of late, defying all predictions. Despite numerous attempts to explain it, no consensus has arisen as to the cause. Therefore, incorporating numerous hypotheses may be the way forward in order to formulate a more comprehensive understanding of the reasons for the decline in crime. The hypothesis presented by this dissertation aims to contribute to that, examining whether improvements to and widespread availability of media entertainment and communication devices have caused the crime drop, specifically in the UK. When comparing statistics from the British Crime Survey regarding victimisation in England and Wales with independent research into ownership and use of leisure and communication technologies, strong visible relationships were found. Routine Activity Theory is used to examine the possible effect that ownership and usage trends of these technologies has on crime victimisation. Since Routine Activity Theory could not explicate the reasons for these potential effects, the dissertation speculates various possible explanations for the effect. It is found that the hypothesis is plausible and can be applied to many victimisation crimes, though it is only a partial explanation and must work in conjunction with other hypotheses in order to mutually improve their effectiveness in explaining and continuing the crime drop.

Neat, Plausible, and Wrong: Examining the Limitations of Typologies in the Study and Investigation of Serial Murder By Emily Dryer-Beers, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This thesis questions the accepted use of typologies in an official capacity. To examine if typologies are of practical use in the study of serial homicide, potential implications of their use are critically discussed in five contexts, those of prevention, investigation, profiling, utilisation in court, and with respect to societal contentment. It is concluded that due to the inherent ambiguity of typological thinking and the inability of categorisation to characterise human behaviours, the use of such methods does more to impede understanding than it does to improve it. Rather, such pursuits are borne out of a very human desire to understand, and hence control the uncontrollable.

What Evidence Is There For A Link Between Mental Impairment And An Increased Risk Of False Confessions?

By Geoffrey Pickersgill, The Open University, UK.

There has been much research in recent years into the causes of the well-known phenomenon that mentally impaired people tend to be over-represented as defendants in the criminal justice process. Less research, however, has been undertaken into why such defendants and suspects appear to be at a higher risk of making false confessions. This may be because it appears that there is a simple answer to this question: such suspects are mentally impaired and vulnerable to the pressures of the criminal justice system, particularly those involved in being interviewed by the police. This is certainly one valid reason but it is by no means the only reason. Research suggests several causal factors are involved. This paper examines some of these causal factors and in doing so reveals the incremental nature of knowledge construction which various researchers have taken in their studies. Dispositional factors and situational factors are both instrumental in causing false confessions. The paper concludes that there is no one major factor that leads mentally impaired suspects to make false confessions more than suspects who are not mentally impaired but rather it is a combination of factors.

Do the Consequences of Incarceration Problematise the Justification for Women’s Incarceration?

By Suzanne Eckton, University Of Central Lancashire, UK.

The aim of this study is to critically analyse whether imprisonment for women is a justifiable form of punishment, or whether alternative approaches are more appropriate. To gain a clear understanding of the question at hand, this essay is based on a theoretical stand point using sources from official research, feminist views and other critical thinkers, case studies, documentaries as well as charities/agencies and organisations.

The Arab Spring: The Rise Of Human Security And The Fall Of Dictatorship

By Keiran Morris, Birmingham City University, UK.

This work was conducted to determine the impact of human security concerns within security policies of, the dictatorships of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya upon the Arab Spring and the fall of the regimes in the region of Northern Africa in 2011-12. Academic literature tells us that the concept of security is changing from a state focussed realist concept in the colonial period to a human focused paradigm in the post-colonial period; and, although it discusses the threats posed to the moral values of an abstract ‘international community’ through human security issues such as poverty or human rights abuses, it does little to discuss the importance of the human security on stability of state institutions. Discussion of this change aids an exploration of realist security policies adopted by Tunisian, Egyptian and Libyan authorities during the 20th century post-colonial state-building period. What emerges from this is a discussion of how an ignorance of human security within continually realist security policies eventually led to the downfall of the dictatorial regimes when the legitimacy of those regimes was challenged by a changing international political and economic situation. This work shows that an analysis of media coverage, political statements, academic and NGO reports reveals negative citizen-state relationship where the regimes’ frequent human rights abuses damaged the human security of the general population, leading to the citizens rebelling and ultimately overthrowing the regimes. The work therefore concludes that a state’s recognition of human security is of paramount importance in ensuring its own legitimacy and state security.

The Coping Strategies, Adjustment and Well Being of Male Inmates in the Prison Environment

By Jordan Picken, Birmingham City University, UK.

The research area of imprisonment and its effects on inmates has had a long and complex history over the past decades, with researchers having varying opinions. Early researchers suggested that imprisonment had negative psychological and physical effects on its inmates, leading to psychological deterioration. More recent research, on the other hand, has suggested that imprisonment is not as detrimental as first thought. This review aims to provide an overview of the coping strategies, adjustment and well being of male inmates in the prison environment. Additionally, a systematic review methodology is adopted to examine the relationships between coping strategies, adjustment and well being of male inmates. The objectives of this review were, firstly, to determine if coping strategies affect the adaptation, adjustment and well being of inmates and, secondly, to determine if institutional changes can improve inmate adjustment and coping. The results were mixed, but demonstrate that there is a complex relationship between the coping strategies, adjustment and well being of male inmates and that institutional opportunities and changes can be beneficial. The review concludes that there is a link between coping strategies, adjustment and well being of male inmates and that therapeutic communities, such as those at HMP Grendon, would be useful in conventional prisons to help inmates adjust and reform.

The Criminal and the Terrorist: A Comparative Criminological Analysis of Pathways into Crime

By Jasmine Smith, Birmingham City University, UK.

This dissertation examines both serial killers and terrorists in the hope that a more comprehensive understanding and look into their behaviour, can help counter their deviance. As recent tragedies such as 9/11 and 7/7 demonstrate the horrific damage terrorist organisations can cause, and highlights the need to understand their behaviour. Using library based, documentary review as a basis for critical research, this work attempts to investigate and analyse both serial killers’ and terrorists’ pathways into crime. In demonstrating the similarities and differences between the two, this dissertation aims to decipher if a terrorist could in fact be far more analogous to a serial killer than what is often believed.

"Retribution Is No Solution”: Is Community Justice a Viable Alternative?

By Anthony Mousdell, St Helens College in collaboration with Liverpool John Moore’s University, UK.

In a period spanning the past 20 years, there has been a “detrimental paradigm shift from ‘penal welfarism’ to ‘penal populism’, the result of which justifies an increase in the use of incarceration” (Bruce, 2010). This dissertation offers an in-depth analysis of Community Justice and the determining factors that entitle it as a viable alternative to the core problems (recidivism, public opinion / risk and economics trepidations) that blight our prison service to date. The findings of which unearth an ambidextrous dichotomy. Exploring ‘the North Liverpool Community Justice Centre’ and cross continental schemes, justice reinvestment coupled with community justice demonstrate a potential solution not without obstacles

Students’ Perceptions of Homicide

By Sally Freeman, University of Huddersfield, UK.

The piece of work will be looking to address the gap in research around perceptions of homicide particularly with regards peoples’ perception of the dynamics of homicide such as where it occurs and the circumstances around the offence. The research will also look at where people get their information on crime from and consider if this has an effect on a person’s perception. Previous research suggests that peoples view of crime is not in line with official statistics and that people think crime is on the increase when official figure suggest that crime rates and in particular homicide rates are decreasing (Mattinson and Mirrlees-Black, 2000; McDonald, 1995; Mitchell and Roberts,2012). Research also suggests there is a difference between men and women’s perceptions of crime (Pfeiffer et al, 2005), and this piece of research aims to try and replicate those findings in respect to perceptions of homicide.

Imitation and Incitement: An Analysis of Media-Driven Behaviour and Criminality

By Sarah Morrison, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

In recent years there has been an increase in the consumption of media, which has led to concerns about whether it is criminogenic. This research aims to evaluate the ways in which the media can be considered criminogenic via two outcomes – imitation of acts and incitement to crime. In order to assess the influence of media on imitation and incitement, a secondary methodological approach has been utilised; a literature review was used to compile evidence from a number of resources – including books and journals accessed through Nottingham Trent University. In addition, this research makes use of newspaper articles to gather anecdotal evidence for the purpose of analysing imitative behaviour of fictional media. This evidence provides details about specific cases of criminality, which is analysed in conjunction with the media individuals are purported to have imitated to evaluate the extent to which media is relevant in the cases discussed.

Bentham Versus Kroppotkin: A view on the use of prison as a punishment for criminal behaviour.

By Debbie Wells, University of Central Lancashire, UK.

The prison is used as a major form of punishment and is currently the ultimate penalty given to criminals who break the law in contemporary society. However, despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of the prison has always been a widely debated controversial issue. Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham and anarchist Peter Kropotkin have presented opposing views on the use of the prison as a form of punishment. This dissertation will outline these two diverse perspectives. After a brief historical discussion of the emergence of the prison, a discussion of Bentham’s and Kropotkin’s differing views of human nature will demonstrate what they perceive as an ideal society. This forms the basis of their conflicting solutions to reduce crime, in an attempt to answer whether the prison service is an effective form of punishment for criminal behaviour. After close examination of Bentham’s utilitarian theory, it is evident that he desired the reformation of the prison. On the other hand, Kropotkin demanded absolute abolition of the prison and all forms of authority within society, in order to allow for cooperation and mutual aid. However, despite their differences it is evident that both Bentham and Kropotkin would disagree with how the prison operates today.

How is ‘Honour’ Based Violence Managed In England and Wales?

By Samantha Walker, Plymouth University, UK.

The purpose of this study is to determine how ‘honour’-based violence is managed in terms of legislation and policy within the UK. Due to a substantial rise in immigration into the UK over the last decade and the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7, the UK moved away from multiculturalism and instead adopted a push towards civic integration. As a result greater focus has been placed upon minority ethnic within England and Wales. Furthermore, since the rise of second wave feminism and the human rights agenda, violence against women within the UK has been increasingly recognised as a social problem. Thus ‘Honour’-based violence, a phenomenon commonly associated with minority ethnic communities, is today increasingly found within both the media and political spotlight within the UK. Through an extensive study of the relevant literature in this area, this dissertation focuses on the way in which ‘honour’-based violence is managed within England and Wales; particularly within both legislation and policy.

High Plains Drifters: Intellectual Property, Freedom Of Speech And Big Business – The Battle For Control Of The World Wide Web By Wayne Noble, University of Central Lancashire, UK.

This is a discussion and definition of Intellectual Property Rights, Intangibility, File Sharing, Freedom of Information, Drift Theory and the Social Construction of the Cyber Criminal. In this work I intend to outline measures which have been taken to curb Intellectual Property Crime by the media industry and consider how such measures have been effective in designing out crime. Also an examination of the threat allegedly posed by file sharing to the media industry and if that threat is as great as the bodies and statistics claim? There is an exploration of Foucaldian notions of power and how they are stratified across the internet rather than being centred within one particular body or institution.

Is Violence Inherent in Upper Level Drug Markets? An Investigation

By Katie Grady, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The illicit drug trade is the largest transnational form of organised crime in the world and dates back well before any regulations were introduced to monitor or control such substances, or indeed, to respond to the problems it subsequently created. The detrimental impacts of this sustained problem, either with supply or demand, have become embedded in many nations which has allowed upper-level drug traffickers to increase their networks and control, often using violence as a weapon. Despite the large profits generated from the drug trade, it is argued that the suffering caused by the high crime levels and costs to the economy is greater than that of the drugs themselves.

Youth Gangs in the UK: Myth or Reality?

By Aleasha Cox, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The emergence of youth gangs in the UK in recent years has resulted in heightened media attention of the group, with sensationalised headlines appearing in newspapers relating to violent gang crimes which have led to the deaths of many young people. This has resulted in the fear of groups of young people within communities, as well as a multitude of government responses. The aim of this dissertation was to identify the myths and realities surrounding the emergence of youth gangs in the UK in order to determine whether the media is fuelling a moral panic which in turn has led to inappropriate responses by the government. A literary based approach was utilised for this research in order to ascertain whether it is appropriate to apply the wide range of US literature to the UK situation. The research focuses on the varying definitions of youth gangs, followed by an analysis of both US and UK subcultural explanations of the emergence of gangs and finally a look at how media moral panics influence government initiatives. The research concludes that youth gangs do exist in the UK, however, due to gaps in research and a lack of reliable empirical evidence, along with the influence of the media’s involvement; it is found that government responses are failing to address the needs of youths involved in gangs. Recommendations are also made, suggesting further areas for research as well as improvements which could be made to government policy and initiatives.

Broccoli or Broken Windows? The relationship between anti social behaviour and a nutrient deficient diet

By Emma Gordon, Blackpool and Fylde College, an Associate College of Lancaster University, UK.

The differential extent of research into nutrition and malnutrition and the impact this has on externalising behaviours is vast. It is generally accepted that nutrition and related factors such as food additives, hypoglycaemia and cholesterol plays an important role as a contributor of children and adults externalising behaviour, such as aggression or anti social behaviour, and as such much research has been carried out into the prevalence of this. However, little is known about the role malnutrition plays in such externalising behaviours (Raine, Lui, Venables, & Mednick, 2004). Furthermore identifying the antecedents of anti social behaviour has also become prevalent in society today (Rutter, 1997). Therefore, the following paper will explore the relationship between malnutrition and anti social behaviour.

Situational Crime Prevention: Modern Society’s ‘Trojan Horse?’

By Stephen Whattam, Blackpool and Fylde College, an Associate College of Lancaster University, UK.

According to some commentators, Britain is a place of heightened public insecurity and anxiety. ‘Fear of crime’ (FOC) is a routine feature of many people’s lives. It can be argued that in the UK successive governments since the 1970s have utilised this fear, which in turn has provided the political legitimation for the increased use of situational crime prevention security measures. Paradoxically, visible signs of security hardware may make some people more fearful, sensing that high security must indicate high risk. This dissertation discusses whether situational crime prevention is modern society's 'trojan horse'.

‘The Supervision of Sex Offenders in the Community – at what cost?’

By Sophie Lockley, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The intention of this dissertation was to examine the effectiveness of current practises in place by the criminal justice system to supervising sex offenders in the community. While treatment techniques within a custodial setting have been investigated in previous research, there has been a deficiency in research once sex offenders are released. It considered legislation which has introduced such measures to monitor sex offenders upon their release from custody and analyses the methods and accuracy of risk assessments before reverting back to a debate which highlights the difficulties in balancing the human rights of the sex offender against the rights protecting the public.

'Child Criminals’ in the Media: an Analysis of Media Constructions of ‘child criminals’ and a Critical Analysis of the Consequences By Helen Dunbabin, University of Central Lancashire, UK.

The intention of this dissertation is to highlight the socially constructed nature of ‘childhood’ through the production and reproduction of knowledge from discourse. The author endeavours to expose the unequal power relations and discursive manoeuvres that are utilized in media discourse(s) that sustain dominant notions that children and young people who transgress the law are ‘evil’ and/or 'adult like'.

“Bye-Bye Fascists”: A Critical Analysis of the English Defence League

By Joe Sheffield, Birmingham City University, UK.

This paper is aimed at addressing public opinion towards the Right-Wing group, the English Defence League (EDL). Having received the label of extremists by the media, this paper seeks to examine such claims that the English Defence League is an extremist organisation. What we hope to achieve is a more detailed understanding of the accusations being made against the EDL, as well as identifying who the EDL are and what they stand for.

The Person is Political

By Rhian Metcalf, University of Central Lancashire, UK.

The central objective of this dissertation is to develop an understanding regarding the socio-economic issue of homelessness. This dissertation attempts to review and develop understanding regarding the ethos and social improvement practices of the Recycling Lives organisation, evaluating the multi-dimensional company’s social value in terms of socio-economic rejuvenation and individual rehabilitation. Other charities and support measures are reviewed alongside government statistics including an acknowledgment of factors which may have added to the progression of an individual’s disadvantaged state, whilst reviewing the benefits and implications of institutionalised intervention.

The Wrongful Conviction of Arthur Andersen LLC

By Michael E. Marotta, Eastern Michigan University, USA.

The demise of the legal person Arthur Andersen LLC models the many miscarriages of justice, wrongful convictions and subsequent exonerations of real persons. The case shines a bright light into corners of the criminal justice system often ignored both by the mass media as well as by many criminal justice professionals. This dissertation provides a cross-section of the case.

An evaluation of the Offender Assessment System (OASys) as an assessment tool for the National Probation Service By Kerry Newbold, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The intention of this research was to evaluate the Offender Assessment System (OASys) and to consider its role within the probation service. Primary research was conducted using the semi-structured interview in order to gain information on several a reas of interest in relation to OASys. This included the length of time it takes to complete the assessment, any technical difficulties that occur, gender specific questions, the usefulness of OASys, the results and the relevancy of the information required. A snowball sample was used in order to gather the participants, which consisted of seven probation employees.

Is CCTV effective in reducing Anti-social Behaviour?

By Philippa Fletcher, Lancaster University, UK.

It seems that currently there is very little literature or research evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing antisocial behaviour. As antisocial behaviour can be an antecedent to more serious crime it is important to know which initiatives are effective in reducing the likelihood of it occurring. CCTV is a situational crime prevention method, a way to design out crime (Newburn, T., 2007). The aim of the research was help to bridge the gap in knowledge in the area of the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing antisocial behaviour with the use of both primary and secondary sources. The results were startling, showing CCTV to have little impact on the level of antisocial behaviour in one area and the opposite in another area. The interview with the Blackpool CCTV Unit and research has highlighted some interesting factors as to why these results may have occurred.

Why Has Prison Emerged as a Prominent Form of Punishment for Most Crime and What Are its Functions in Relation to Wider Society? By Robert Taylor, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The purpose of this dissertation is to ascertain why prison has emerged as a prominent form of punishment for most crime and to critically discuss the function of modern day prisons in relation to wider society. Following the Second World War the prison population in England and Wales increased dramatically and continues to rise, even though crime rates have reduced since 1997. As a result 82 of the 142 prisons in England and Wales are overcrowded. Yet we continue to sentence offenders to custody, since May 1997 a total of 1,036 new offences have been introduced which are punishable by imprisonment and the Ministry of Justice anticipate that the number of offenders behind bars will reach 95,800 by 2015. This thesis endeavours to explore why it is prison remains a popular form of punishment.

Do False Allegations of Rape Made by Women Affect the Workings of the Criminal Justice System?

By Claire Willoughby, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation explores false and malicious allegations of rape made by women against men and the effect this has on the workings of the criminal justice system. Further objectives include examining the reasons why false claims are made, to what extent they contribute to the low conviction rate in rape cases which is currently only 6% (Home Office, 2010) and examining the role that alcohol and drugs may play in making a false allegation. These issues were investigated through both library based and primary research that took the form of semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample including a police officer specialising in the field of rape, a prosecuting barrister for the Crown Prosecution Service and someone who has recently been accused of rape.

Situational Crime Prevention and Crime Displacement: Myth and Miracles?

By Catherine Phillips, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The criminologically orthodox view of crime displacement is that displacement is not inevitable; is often less than anticipated, and that Situational Crime Prevention Initiatives may even lead to a ‘diffusion of benefits’. Advocates of this viewpoint cite empirical literature that purports to show little evidence of displacement. A secondary analysis of this literature shows that displacement may in fact be more common than is widely claimed, particularly in the case of studies with offenders. Furthermore, the findings of the Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project, which purport to demonstrate a diffusion of benefits, are shown to be based on questionable evidence. This dissertation therefore questions the accepted view of crime displacement, and the soundness of the evidence on which it is based; and recommends that a large scale research project should be conducted with offenders, to discover a more accurate picture of crime displacement.

Was The UK Prison System Designed by Men, For Men?

By Lydia Hackney, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Women’s prisons are surrounded in controversy and commentaries on the many issues relating to them such as drug abuse, mental illness and s elf-inflicted death have become increasingly visible to the public in the twenty-first century. A number of scholars and campaigners blame these issues upon a gendered design; believing that the UK prison system was designed by men, for men. The aim of the dissertation was to investigate the veracity of this notion using a secondary literary-based research approach.

Genocide Prevention in the Modern Setting: Theory versus Practice

By Lucy Kentish, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Genocide is perhaps the most extreme and destructive crime against humanity, however, the international response to incidents of this nature has frequently lacked political will or commitment, either financially or through military interventions. A commonality in the lack of genocide intervention by individual states is the absence of gainful resources such as oil, gold and diamonds in the country of conflict, or through the description of such events as ‘civil wars’. A further problem encountered with the intervention of genocide is its legal classification, the limited meaning of which has consequently resulted in governments failing to respond whilst attempting to determine the correct ‘terminology’, with the recent conflicts in Darfur being a key example of this problem (Quayle, 2005). This thesis, therefore, attempts to determine whether genocide can be actively prevented through a discussion of the potential causal factors of genocide, and a critical evaluation of whether existing responses to genocide are both appropriate and effective.

‘The Ultimate Betrayal' Female Child Sex Offenders: An Exploration of Theories, Media Representations and the Role of the Internet in Relation to Female Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse By Laura Bexson, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Following the recent case of Vanessa George, the nursery worker who sexually abused children in her care, this dissertation has chosen to look at this group of offenders in more detail. The sole method of data collection chosen for this study was library-based research. Using a range of textbooks, journals, newspaper articles and websites the researcher was able to gather information on this topic. The study discusses a number of theoretical explanations put forward in attempt to explain the actions female perpetrators of child sexual abuse. It e xplores a number of high profile cases of female sex offenders these being; Myra Hindley, Rosemary West and Vanessa George. The ways in which these women were represented in the media is examined looking at the imagery and language used. Finally the role of the Internet in sex offending is examined with a more specific section on what it is about the Internet that may be driving women to commit sexual abuse against children. Here the importance of male-coercion is highlighted.

To What Extent has Recreational Drug Use Become Normalised Amongst the Student Population at University?

By Sarah Price, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation measures the extent to which recreational drug use has become normalised amongst the student population at university. It draws on five key dimensions to measure normalisation through the use of online self-completion questionnaires; access and availability, trying rates, rates of recent and regular use and the degree of social and cultural accommodation of such use. This dissertation assessed the extent of normalisation in comparison to previous research carried out amongst young people in this subject area.

Care or Custody: Where Should Mentally Disordered Offenders be Placed?

By Sarah Coutts, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.

The Prison Service’s emphasis on punishment, control and security has created many problems for the efficient and effective delivery of care to mentally disordered prisoners. Mentally disordered offenders do not have the crucial coping mechanisms or ability to deal with the ‘prison culture’ (Stephen and Knight, 2009). Conflicting opinions with regards to the treatment of mentally disordered offenders between the prison system and the NHS means care available to prisoners is limited. The focus remains on punishment for the offence rather than treatment of mental disorders (Criminal Justice Act: Chap 44, 2003). Therapeutic communities offer a potential solution to the question of where mentally disordered offenders should be placed. The research found that all three (Community, Institution and Prison) are useful with regards to the placement of mentally disordered offenders. It seems that each provides care for the offender and protects the public from future harm to differing degrees. It identifies the appropriateness of each placement, however also identifies that placement should be dependent on the aims (punishment or rehabilitation), the offence and the mental health issues.

The Reintegration Of Elderly Prisoners: An Exploration Of Services Provided In England And Wales By Matthew Davies, University of Leeds, UK.

The elderly population in England and Wales has received relatively very little attention in the criminal justice system across a number of levels. This is despite a rapidly increasing elderly prison population which is contributing to an already overcrowded prison system. This poses a number of challenges for the Prison Service, since older people in prison experience a host of unique problems which differ to those of younger prisoners. One significant aspect that has been overlooked by academics, politicians and practitioners is the issue of re-integration. A literature review reveals that older inmates disproportionately struggle with resettlement as a result of distinct psychological adjustments they have made in prison, a reduced support network in the community and an increased likelihood of health and mobility concerns. These problems are exacerbated by a system oriented on a stereotypical understanding of the young male criminal. In England and Wales, this has restricted the usefulness of prison programmes and activities for older prisoners who are less likely to re-offend and who are less likely to be a threat to society upon release. With the prioritisation of reducing re-offending and protecting the public, the National Offender Management Strategy (NOMS) fundamentally conflicts with the characteristics of elderly prisoners and fails to consider their re-integrative needs.

The Heart of the Criminal Justice System: A Critical Analysis Of the Position of the Victim

By Jana Bednarova, Anglia Ruskin University, UK.

The aim of this dissertation, which is based on secondary research involving analysing a range of books, journal articles, Government publications, newspaper articles and videos, is to critically examine the position of the victim in the criminal justice system. The paper looks at the role of political interests in establishing victim-focus policies and the direction towards their placement at the heart of the justice system. This includes the managerialistic values, modernization of the Government and covering-up of punitive measures taken against the offender that all point to the political rhetoric around the centeredness of the victim. Furthermore, the view of traditional justice is accounted for in order to get a grasp of the many underlying factors that can be attributed to the so called rebirth and the consequent concentration on the victim. The paper firstly discusses characteristics of victims, the impact of crime on victims and also their needs for a better understanding of who they are and what can be done to help them. Particular attention is drawn to stereotypes associated with victims and constructions of the ideal victim. Secondly, the adversarial nature of English justice and implications for victims are discussed, as well as some tensions between the interests of the offender and the victim, and the opposed nature of the two. Procedural and service rights especially play an important role in defining whether victims are given appropriate attention. Many new initiatives favour the victim and pledge for its better treatment, but it will be shown that there are conflicts as to what can be done in reality and what is proposed. However, it cannot be disputed that support for victims has progressed significantly within the last decade. In the dissertation, it will be argued that the position of the victim, influenced by these many factors, cannot be at the heart of the system, but has advanced in terms of their treatment.

Reinvesting in Communities: Community Justice as a Viable Solution to Mass Incarceration.

By Fiona Bruce, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK.

Over the years, there has been a paradigm shift from penal welfarism to ‘punitive populism’ in the UK, and a consequence of this has been an increased use of imprisonment. It has been recognised that high imprisonment rates disproportionately affect the most deprived communities, and this study outlines the detrimental impact that this has upon their economic viability, reputation, cohesion and strength of networks. This study demonstrates that community justice is a potential solution to these problems; as such an approach aims to improve communities by getting people to become more engaged with the criminal justice system (CJS), reintegrating ex-prisoners, and by focussing upon areas such as housing, employment, education and health, and not simply individual offenders. The ways that justice reinvestment initiatives have been used in the US are also outlined in this study, to demonstrate that no new monies are required to fund community justice. Although there are a number of obstacles that will have to be overcome, including support for ‘tough on crime’ policies, a ‘decline in community’ and fear of crime, this study proposes that if the public are made aware of the wider benefits that such an approach could bring, then community justice provides an opportunity for real changes to be made to the CJS and communities throughout the UK.

A Communities Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Neighbourhood Policing

By Anthea Tainton, Notingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation evaluates the impact of Neighbourhood Policing in a local community, focusing in particular on the perceptions of key stakeholders and members of the community. Neighbourhood policing is the most recent model of community policing in the UK, whilst community policing has been a popular model in the USA it has not been as influential in the UK. However, during the early 2000s there was growing anxiety and an increase in the public’s fear of crime, despite crime rates decreasing since the mid 1990s. This led to the development of the National Reassurance Policing Programme. This programme developed a set of practical policing strategies that were targeted, primarily, at reducing fear of crime amongst the public. The Neighbourhood Policing model developed directly out of the reassurance programme, and is attempting, with the extension of the policing family, to provide each community with a local policing team that is both visible and accessible. Due to the contemporary nature of Neighbourhood Policing there is limited literature available examining a range of important issues. Not least, the majority of evaluations of this model have focused on implementation issues at a national level, thus ignoring the localised nature of policing. In response to this gap in the literature this dissertation explores perceptions and attitudes towards neighbourhood policing at the level of a local community, examining: public awareness of neighbourhood policing and its aims; multi-agency partnerships and their fit with this model; public understanding of the effectiveness or impact that Neighbourhood Policing is having on crime and anti-social behaviour. Although this is only an exploratory study it argues that in order to understand the impact and effectiveness of Neighbourhood Policing it is essential that future research concentrates on the perceptions of those involved in the delivery and on the receiving end of this approach.

Theory of Desistance

By Natalie Hearn, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The aim of this research was to explore factors which lead to desistance amongst offenders. There were three central areas looked at during the research. Firstly the correlation between age and offending, secondly the how and why the process of desistance commences, and finally, why people continue to desist from offending. The findings from this research were obtained from semi-structured interviews with two desisters, one male and one female, similar age group, similar economic back ground and upbringing. Themes were kept broad so that the responses were those of the interviewees and not directed by the research. It was discovered that the experiences and factors leading to desistance amongst the research sample group were not dissimilar to the theoretical frameworks of desistance. Given the level of funding put into simply punishing and releasing offenders back into society, this research looks at real interventions which may lead to people “choosing” not to offend in the future.

Capitalism and Crime: The Criminogenic Potential of the Free Market

By Mark Horsley, Northumbria University, UK.

This dissertation discusses the neo-liberal capitalist hegemony that exists in the Anglo-American nations and its implications for national crime rates. It elaborates upon the tendency of neo-liberal nations to have dramatically higher crime rates than nations governed by other ideologies. It discusses the problems associated with the widespread adoption of values like competitive individualism, the rise of consumer culture and other factors like rising social inequality. These problems are backed up by case studies of the USA, Japan and the Scandinavian Nations. It concludes that although neo-liberalism may not lead directly to higher crime rates some of its effects are hardly conducive to a peaceful society.

Recognising Children and Young People Living in the Context of Domestic Violence

By Bridie-Ann Milner, Loughborough University, UK.

Domestic violence has been a relatively ‘hidden’ problem in society for centuries. In the past forty years developing research has shown that children and young people who have witnessed domestic violence in their life time are likely to face long term implications in respect of their emotional, psychological and behavioural development. For children and young people who witness domestic violence, this experience is core to their lives, yet service support and delivery is still fragmented across the UK. The government need to re-address the evidence from research and practice that shows us the extent of the problem and its effects upon children and young people, so they recognise the need to appropriately fund and deliver supportive services for our young and vulnerable population.

Why is the International Justice System Ineffective at Protecting the Rights of Child Soldiers?

By Mark Gee, Open University, UK.

A number of international legal instruments, adopted, signed and ratified, to protect the rights of children, represent a framework for how “justice” is determined legally (Mehigan, Walters and Westmarland, 2010). Employing content and discourse analysis, and adopting a cultural relative stance, this article examines the centrality of the concept of power to understanding how children are affected differentially by “justice”. Critiques of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, undated) and the Convention of the Rights of the Child (United Nations General Assembly, 1989), will be followed by a critical assessment of The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children (Machel, 1996). The success of the international justice system in respect of childrens’ rights will be assessed by focusing on two pertinent international solutions, namely the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programme and the International Criminal Court.

Contemporary Maritime Piracy and Securi-Car Thefts: Can Lessons From the Past Have Practical Implications on Reducing Future Incidence? By Robert Ford, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Through analysing lessons from the past regarding how several notable methods of crime in transit have transpired, flourished, diminished and ceased, this dissertation seeks to discover if it is theoretically useful to create a common typology of successful crime prevention procedures that can help prevent future attacks on valuables in transit. The two main forms of transport becoming increasingly affected by the theft of cash and valuables in transit (CVIT) today are cash-in-transit vans and international cargo ships, both inconceivably important in modern society and equally as relied upon (BSIA, 2007; IMB, 2009). With the oceans home to ‘roughly 50,000 large ships’ carrying ‘80 percent of the world's traded cargo’ (Luft and Korin, 2004) and cash-in-transit vans carrying ‘£1.4 billion in cash daily’ (Home Office, 2007) around the UK, it is evident that the problem CVIT potentially creates is astoundingly costly. This dissertation aims to provide a resourceful tool by providing a typology and framework of promising practice to be applied to specific areas of such an escalating global crime problem. A typology of promising techniques may advance knowledge and better focus efforts in reducing the incidence of future thefts of valuables in transit, particularly with regards to maritime piracy and securi-car thefts. History has consistently uncovered a preferred method of transport for thieves to target due to a form of displacement occurring once weak targets are universally hardened, and knowing this may help society gear up for the next CVIT problem before it arrives.

The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders Within the Criminal Justice System

By Rebecca Green, Loughborough University, UK.

This dissertation aims to provide a critical examination of the various types of treatment interventions that affect the mentally disordered offender. This area has seen vast change within recent years, with a number of factors contributing to the desperately high proportion of mentally disordered offenders currently held within prisons in England and Wales. Arguably, focal to debates surrounding the appropriateness of treatment for this group is the care and control dichotomy that has historically undermined successful policy implementation for this group. This dissertation will address the various approaches that have been taken, exploring whether it is possible to balance punishment for their offending behaviour with a need to treat their mental disorder, whilst taking into account concerns with public safety that have increasingly penetrated debates surrounding the treatment of this group. Further, it will propose a number of plausible future policy directions, illustrative of the need to uptake an approach dependent upon both mental health provision and the Criminal Justice System.

Passion, Poison and Pistols; Media Representations and Media Constructions of Female 'Crimes of Passion' in England, 1820-1856 By Kaye Leese, University of Manchester, UK.

This dissertation shows that the media constructions of mid-19th century murderesses were not as straightforward as some other historians have suggested. Using contemporary newspaper reports it will demonstrate that although many women received a uniformly negative response to their actions, there was a complex criteria underpinning her portrayal. The media was influenced by a woman's physical appearance, her personal life and emotional state, her religious devotion and her relationship with the victim, who was also intensely scrutinised. Class conflict is also evident in this research; a working-class murderess was considered a danger to middle-class notions of sexual honour and acceptable female behaviour. The idea of transgression allowed media reporters to make sense of such deviance. This dissertation shows how using this methodology can give historians a valuable insight into the everyday lives working-class women and also an opportunity to see patriarchy in action.

Compensation for Miscarriage of Justice

By Daniel Layne, Nottingham Law School, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Denial of liberty is the most serious state sanction available in the United Kingdom. That people who have suffered an unjustified loss of their liberty, together with all the consequential damage to themselves and their families, should be swiftly and justly compensated is a principle few would disagree with. Of course, consideration of the detail is far more complicated, in terms of why compensation should be paid, who should qualify and how much they should receive. This dissertation attempts to address these issues and compare our current compensation scheme against international obligations and wider principles of justice.

No Further Action? A critical examination of the past and present police response to domestic violence

By Lee Curran, Student at the University of Huddersfield, UK.

This dissertation offers a critical examination of the police response to domestic violence. The findings of the research suggest that until the late 1980s the criminal justice system paid little attention to the victims of domestic violence. A number of early studies documented the dismissive and derogatory way in which police officers tended to handle ‘domestic disputes’ (for example, Dobash and Dobash, 1980; Hanmer and Saunders, 1984; Edwards, 1989; Bourlet, 1990). Domestic violence was frequently seen by the police as a private matter, not 'real' violence, and unworthy ‘rubbish’ work (Dobash and Dobash, 1992). This dissertation found that from 1986, onwards, the need for changes in police practice to domestic violence was accepted by the Home Office, and domestic violence is now viewed as a crime both by practitioners in the criminal justice system and by government itself. In the past ten years in particular, there have been significant improvements in police policy and practice in response to domestic violence. By contrast, research is showing that enthusiasm for change presents the danger of inappropriate arrests of those they set out to protect.

To What Extent do Criminal Biographies Add To Our Understanding of Criminality?

By Hayley Killengrey, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

What is the academic value of criminal “insider” accounts? How might the personal accounts of convicted criminals add to our understanding of criminal action? Might these accounts contribute to the study of criminology as a vibrant subject? Do such texts illuminate the subject in a way that makes the social reality of criminals easier to comprehend, or are they of no more value than works of fiction? These telling questions focus our attention upon an area of research which has currently received little attention, meaning that there is a gap in the existing literature on the use and usefulness of written criminal accounts. This makes this investigation particularly worthwhile, interesting and justified. This dissertating examines the differences, strengths and weaknesses between a number of criminal biographies and autobiographies and the usefulness of such criminal life stories in criminology.

What are the differences between how the social classes are portrayed in the News Media in regards to the drinking culture in Britain today? By Amy Goulding, Masters student at the University of Central Lancashire, UK.

There exists a discrepancy between how the news media portrays the drinking habits of the lower classes namely the ‘underclass’ and the working class, compared with the middle class and celebrity culture in Britain today. Using critical discourse analysis this research explores why the social classes are portrayed differently, who decides on this portrayal and why, as well as the social ramifications of such portrayals. This exploration will extend to the wider social issues which affect the discrepancy in media portrayal. Firstly by looking specifically at the nineteenth century, the social history of Britain’s drinking culture and the class struggle that exists, as this was a period which highlights middle class dominance and has transcended the generations. Secondly, the acceptability of alcohol in British society and how this acceptability differs, dependent on the social class you belong to, according to media construction. Thirdly, an examination of class in modern Britain and how immunity is granted to the middle classes from condemnation from the media and the processes of the Law due to their perceived respectability and use of private and public space. Finally, media influence and how the news media is a business which seeks to increase its profits by being used as a tool in the transmission of ruling class ideology. This research focuses on the news portrayal from three newspapers; The Times, Daily Express and The Sun, as a means of examining the differences in portrayals dependent on the target audience of the newspaper. Societies reliance on the media to provide them with an insight into the world puts the media in a very powerful position. What this research aims to highlight is, that in order for there to be a cultural shift in Britain’s relationship with alcohol, the middle class should no longer be able to hide behind the protection of the media, with all social groups needing to be open to scrutiny.

The Bare Life of the ‘Problem Drug User’: An Analysis of Neo-Liberal State Responses to ‘Problem Drug Users’

By William Coyles, Student at the University of Central Lancashire, UK.

This paper examines the intelligibility of the neo-liberal state’s war on the ‘problem drug user’ within Foucauldian analyses of liberal bio-political regimes of governance. In the modern era, with the epistemic shift to bio-power, the order of power has become imbued with a rationality which derives its principles from those of warfare. The ‘problem drug user’ has become the subject of quasi-military style interventions in the name of the life and health of the population. These interventions are exercised at the level of the ‘problem drug user’s’ life as their form of existence has been ‘disallowed to the point of death’ within an advanced-liberal Britain. The use of such authoritarian strategies is not antithetical to the liberal project of ‘government through freedom’ but is integral to it. Within neo-liberal ‘governmentality’, only certain populations who have reached the ‘maturity of their rational faculties’ are considered amenable to governance within late modern ‘circuits of inclusion’. The pathological ‘problem drug user’ has been led to their improvement by the neo-liberal state in the guise of a benevolent despot. The modern state utilises its sovereign power of deduction to render the ‘problem drug user’s’ bare life amenable to bio-political investment by the ‘experts of life’ in a ‘localisation without order’ outside of the political community termed by Agamben (1995) as camp. It is argued that the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy setting within the late modern prison is the materialisation of this state of exception. Within this permanent spatial arrangement the ‘experts of life’ assume the role of the sovereign, confronting the problem drug user (who assumes the status of homo sacer) in a fundamental bio-political relationship where through a series of practical exercises they are incited to enfold authority and ‘subjectify’ themselves. The telos embodied within this strategy of control is the freedom of the subject and their re-insertion into ‘circuits of inclusion’ where rational and prudent subjects of self interest are ‘governed through freedom’.

Can Discipline Cope? Intra-EU Migration and its Implications Upon Foucauldian Discipline By Thomas Alexander Evans, Student at the University of Central Lancashire, UK .

This dissertation is a discussion on whether the current ease of internal migration within an ever more integrated European Union (EU) could affect the concept of Foucauldian discipline, which I argue is embedded deeply within state legitimisation processes and national solidarity movements. I argue that discipline, which requires some form of enclosure, could falter at the national level due to the ease at which non-integrated ‘alien others’ can enter the nation-state’s disciplinary domain; thus creating problems of state legitimacy, leading to reactionary responses from the state and populace. However, if a strong invasive EU discipline were applied across all member states (MS) then it would be possible for the EU to fill the disciplinary void, perhaps also leading to a state formation process through the use of laws, rights and standardised policing. However, I also discuss possible disciplinary ‘crashes’ that could occur if an EU discipline failed or was too weak, which can be applied to all forms of discipline.

How has the establishment of the Internet changed the ways in which offenders launder their dirty money?

By Christine Victoria Thomason.

The Internet has become an integral part of UK society, many people use or access the Internet on a daily basis and utilise its resources to help them lead easier lives. The Internet is prevalent within the UK; its abilities are consumed by our education system, our retailing industry, and our employment sector, just to name a few. However, along with all the beneficial aspects that the Internet has created, there have also been some characteristics that have been damaging to society. Offenders have also been able to access and use the Internet to their advantage, to make their lives easier and to aid them in committing criminal offences. In respect to money laundering, the Internet has created huge opportunities and changes within the processes involved. ‘Hackers and fraudsters were first to exploit the criminal opportunities presented by cyberspace and they have since been joined by cyber launderers eager to wash the proceeds of both virtual and real-world crimes.’ (Kochan. 2005: 268). This dissertation has taken an in-depth look into the process of money laundering, along with how the establishment of the Internet has changed the methods utilized by offenders.

The Ambiguity of Juvenile Sexual Offenders

By Lara Harrison, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The main purpose of this dissertation was to explore, explain and evaluate the responses of professional organisations when they have to coordinate a multi-agency response to deal with juvenile sexual offenders. Past literature has often ignored the issue of juvenile sexual offenders and therefore, this dissertation has provided a critical literature review which has attempted to rectify this problem. The findings of this dissertation showed that whilst there has been an attempt to coordinate a multi-agency response, the government has jeopardised this response by the introduction of difficult and confusing laws, policies and organisational arrangements. This has affected juvenile sexual offenders to their detriment, as practitioners have to negotiate the ambiguity of these diverse policies and legislations, and this has put at danger the arrangements already in place for juvenile sexual offenders. However, there has been at attempt to resolve this predicament and practitioners, in Greater Manchester, have established the AIM (Assessment Intervention Moving-on) project. The AIM project has successfully strengthened this multi-agency response and improved policies and practices, for the organisations that have to deal with juvenile sexual offenders. But, several problems have emerged within this multi-agency response and the government still have a lot of work to do, in order to improve the services for juvenile sexual offenders. As a result, items for consideration and future recommendations for policy-makers have been based on these problems.

Community Oriented Policing

By Ian Mirsky, Student at Buffalo State, State University of New York, USA.

Community policing is the connection between police and citizenry, who work together on safety involving the public in the community. The design of community policing is to entail a more open relationship between the police and the public which gives the police a more proactive role in the community (Thomas & Burns 2005). Community policing involves new and old tactics. The tactics include foot and bike patrol, beat meetings, mini-stations and many other citizen and police partnerships (Thomas & Burns 2005). Community oriented policing involves organizational changes as well as external changes.

Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in Examining the Relationship Between Mental Illness and Violent Behaviour and Crime By Thomas Richardson, University of Sheffield, UK.

There is a longstanding view within the general population and the criminal justice system that the mentally ill are more prone than the mentally healthy to violence and. This view, however, is not fully supported by empirical research, in particular due to conceptual and methodological challenges that arise when the relationship between mental illness and crime is examined. This paper reviews such challenges, reviewing areas such as the ‘criminalisation’ of the mentally ill and the ‘psychiatrisation’ of criminals, as well as the complex problem of common factors, and the mediating impact of substance abuse. Specific methodological challenges are also reviewed, including problems with conducting longitudinal and randomised research in this area, and difficulties encountered in the sampling methods used.

Bridging The Gap Between Prison And The Community: An exploration of resettlement and desistance among female offenders in England and Canada By Rebecca Berinbaum, University of Sheffield, UK.

Despite recent developments in law and policy in both England and Wales and Canada which have aimed to decrease the number of offenders being sent to prison, prison populations continue to increase. In England the prison population has nearly doubled since 1991 (Morgan and Liebling, 2007) and despite a slight decrease in the overall prison population in Canada in recent years both female offenders and offenders who have breached the conditions of their release are being sent to prison more frequently (Motiuk, Cousineau and Gileno, 2005; Dell, Sinclair and Boe, 2001: iv). Despite efforts to create a more ‘seamless’ service and provide a continuity of care for those leaving prison, recidivism rates remain high.

To What Extent Are Different Types of Care Environment Criminogenic?

By Kimberley Marsh, University of Portsmouth, UK.

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate young people’s experiences within different care environments (Residential, Secure, Foster and Kinship) and the extent to which they are criminogenic. The investigation is informed by three key criminological theories: the Risk and Protective Factors Paradigm, Control Theory, Anomie and Strain Theory. Previous relevant research on different care environments, offending behaviour and associated theoretical explanations are reviewed and informed the development of the specific focus of the primary research. Reviewing the existing literature illustrated the need for the current study. Much of the existing literature shows a high prevalence of offending amongst young people in care and those who have left care, without differentiating between types of placement or offering any theoretical explanation of the over-representation of those who have been in care and offending behaviour.

A Comparative Study of Cultural Aspects of Organised Crime in Two Countries – China and Italy – and Their Futures Within a Transnational Criminal Network

By Rebecca Ince, Student at Aston University, UK.

The BBC World Service recently broadcast a series of investigative reports detailing various transnational criminal trades, including the trafficking of women and children into the illegal sex trade, drug smuggling, the trade in human body parts, money laundering and much more (BBC World Service, 2002). The United Nations Convention Against Organised Crime in 2000 highlighted the role of trafficking groups and criminal organisations in these illicit trades, bringing to attention the fact that serious crime is not simply a series of random individual acts, but is often a carefully organised trade, with the obvious feature of it being both violent and highly illegal.

‘Every Work of Art is an Uncommitted Crime’: The Application of Sociological Theories of Deviance to Modern Art

By Carol Norman, Student at Goldsmiths College, UK.

Modern art begins with Manet (1832-1883) and the Impressionists and continues until the present day (Julius 2002). Like crime, it often breaks societal rules, however, modern art is not typically against the law and for this reason it is ‘uncommitted crime’ (Adorno 1951). Deviance is the violation of societal rules, which may be consensual or imposed by a powerful group (Box 1981). Modern art breaks societal rules and so is deviant; for example Serrano’s (1987) ‘Piss Christ’ (Picture 1) mocks the Catholic Church and traps spectators into blasphemy. However, despite evidence of deviance in modern art, sociological theories of deviance concentrate on crime, delinquency and mental illness.

A Study to Investigate Social Control Theories and the Role of CCTV as a Social Control Agent

By Nicholas Reeve, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The Primary aim of this dissertation is investigate social control theories, and how they compare to the actual role of CCTV as a social control agent. Through a reflective analysis of the six years spent as a CCTV operator, the author hopes to use this experience in conjunction with statistical data gathered from both the London Borough of Harrow’s CCTV control room, and the Metropolitan Police to investigate the current role of CCTV. This study investigated the reality of procedure within CCTV, and how its role as a risk management strategy transforms it into an electronic Panopticon, capable of influencing the behaviour of those subjected to surveillance.

Criminal Victimisation of the Elderly: Have rates of crime against the elderly changed relative to overall crime rates?

By Vicky Heap, Student at Loughborough University, UK.

Despite the increasing profile and reliance upon victimisation surveys to map crime trends, some of society’s demographic receive little attention. The elderly are one such group. They have received little attention due to the traditional notion that they suffer low levels of victimisation. This study challenges these long-held beliefs and focuses upon the criminal victimisation of the elderly, in order to assess if crime rates against them have changed relative to the overall crime rate. A secondary analysis was conducted on the 1988, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2001 British Crime Surveys in order to chart both the proportion and rate of criminal victimisation experienced by the elderly.

Are Family Pets a Factor in Women Staying in Abusive Relationships?

By Hannah Cooksey, Student at the University of Chester, UK.

Whether or not family pets are a factor in women staying in abusive relationships is an understudied and undervalued research topic in today’s society. The current study therefore highlights the issue through conducting empirical research, whereby questionnaires have been sent out to Domestic Violence refuges in the Staffordshire and West Midlands areas and completed by refuge staff regarding knowledge of the problem. Previous literature on this topic has been assessed and criticised as well as surrounding themes of the human-animal bond and how these factors would correlate to the current study. This combination of empirical and theoretical study has helped to gauge the extent of animal abuse within violent households. Results supported the notion that pets are a factor in women staying in abusive relationships and that pets are frequently abused by violent partners. The study highlights the need for a wider acknowledgment in addressing the problems and ensuring that more women become aware of the support available, resulting in less women feeling there is no alternative but to stay with their partner and less pets becoming abused in the future.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Corporate Environmental Harm

By Stuart Saint, Student at the University of Central Lancashire, UK.

The aim of this research was to explore the discourses, and discursive practices, concerning corporate environmental harms. Continuing in the tradition of Schwendinger and Schwendinger (1975), I chose to utilise harmful acts that were not necessarily illegal by legal definition but often had a much greater impact upon the ecosystem (such as the pumping of radioactive waste by BNFL into the Irish Sea). As Kennedy (2005) demonstrates, corporate environmental harm can often refer to acts that are legal as a result of significant influence from corporate representatives. This dissertation firstly examines how modernity and capitalism have encouraged environmental destruction and then assesses how the media, lobby groups and governments perpetuate the discourses of corporate environmental harm. There is then a short case study of the illegal dumping of electronic goods and spent radioactive waste. The dissertation concludes by stating that there are a number of different discourses of corporate environmental harm, but that these work together in different ways to reproduce existing power relations.

Child Trafficking in the UK: An Examination of Contemporary Approaches

By Lorinda Norris, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Child Trafficking, whilst not a new phenomenon, remains a heinous activity as children are the most vulnerable members of society, yet it is exactly this vulnerability that makes trafficking possible in the first instance. Official statistics by the Home Office and the United Nations highlight a continuing increase in this ‘industry’ and whilst most of society holds the notion that children are not a commodity to be bought and sold, there remain a small but determined proportion of the population who are willing to exploit children for profit. Child trafficking is a covert, multi-faceted and organised criminal activity making it extremely difficult to detect and prevent, particularly in light of its cross-border nature, whilst child victims are themselves often difficult to recognise. It is issues such as these which make child trafficking such a complex activity to approach hence research in this field is often perceived as under-reporting the true incidence of the behaviour. There are legislative provisions and European-based conventions in place to protect trafficked children but many organisations have been slow to react thus responses are perhaps too little, too late. This dissertation, therefore, considers measures that have been put in place by the UK Government to protect trafficked children in conjunction with the various Non Governmental Organisations who are also involved in the issue, in an attempt to assess the scale of child trafficking in the UK.

Discrimination, relating to length of service, within the contemporary police service

By Rosie Lambert, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The research aimed to investigate the presence, extent and effects of discrimination related to length of service within the police service. This is an under-researched area so literature relating to other areas of discrimination within the police service was considered. This aided comprehension of any common effects of discrimination, which may be similar to those experienced by officers if discrimination related to length of service is present. Primary research was conducted by issuing a questionnaire which gathered the opinions of officers in relation to several areas. The areas investigated include; recruitment, treatment by, and relationships with, other officers. Snowball sampling enabled a positive response rate of almost forty officers of varying ranks. However, this method did not allow the researcher to have control over the sample. All participants described their ethnicity as White British, so other ethnicities were unrepresented. Secondary findings suggested that length of service related discrimination is a problem in many organisations. Research showed that discrimination can have many negative effects on officers, such as reduced life and job satisfaction, stress and social withdrawal.

An Investigation into the Fear of Crime: Is there a Link between the Fear of Crime and the Likelihood of Victimisation?

By Tom Wynne, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The fear of crime has received an unprecedented amount of attention in the form of research in recent times; however there is a great deal which remains unknown and unanswered. The purpose of this dissertation is to attempt to extensively analyse existing research into the fear of crime, and to uncover new ideas and trends concerning fear and victimisation. In particular, the relationship between fear of crime and likelihood of victimisation is investigated. Many interesting findings emerged from this research, although some results are contradictory. The elderly, for example, were discovered to be generally more fearful than younger adults due to their feelings of isolation and vulnerability. However, research occasionally suggested otherwise; that the elderly were less fearful since they knew their likelihood of victimisation was lower than younger people. Ultimately, the research consulted provides little evidence to suggest that there is a link between fear of crime and the likelihood of victimisation. Fear can be induced by a variety of factors and circumstances and may not necessarily be purely a consequence of one socio-demographic variable. In other words, it is wrong to assume that all women are fearful of crime due to their gender. The impact of fear of crime on lifestyle can be both positive and negative: an individual’s likelihood of becoming a victim will be affected by a variety of factors, some of which are almost impossible to quantify. This is a challenge to be addressed in future research.

The phenomena of Black youth crime and how Black youths are portrayed in the media in the United Kingdom: Whether the portrayal can be considered exaggerated, or if the moral panic is in someway justified?

By Ndubuisi Nkem Okoronkwo, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Black youth crime and the portrayal of black youths in the media have generated considerable publicity in recent years. The recent fatal knife and gun crimes in London involving black youths were highlighted by the media which in turn produced a moral panic surrounding the issue. The intent of this study is to present an argument for or against the perception that black youths are portrayed negatively in the media and the moral panic surrounding black youth crime is exaggerated. Literature and qualitative research by way of four unstructured interviews regarding six sub factors which are, the media portrayal of black youths, negative role models amongst the black community, the underachievement of black youths in school, single parent families, social class and black culture, were analysed and discussed in order to reach a valid conclusion. Conclusions are drawn that the media do in fact portray black youths in a negative way but on the other hand, with support from statistics and relevant literature, black youth crime is a serious problem and therefore cannot be dismissed as a moral panic exacerbated by the media.

An Examination of the Links between Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Offending Behaviour in Young People

By Diane Bishop, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation examines the links between autistic spectrum disorders and offending behaviour in young people. First identified over sixty years ago, autistic spectrum disorders have remained relatively unknown until recently. Given the hidden nature of these disorders, they can be difficult for criminal justice professionals to identify, and characteristics of the conditions could be misconstrued as offending behaviour. In order to examine the possible connections between autistic spectrum disorders and offending, as well as the criminal justice system response to young offenders on the autistic spectrum, a review of the current literature was undertaken. To gain a greater insight, interviews were conducted with professionals who work with children on the autistic spectrum. In addition, a Police Community Support Officer was interviewed. Results of primary and secondary research indicated that, without labelling all children on the autistic spectrum as criminal, there are predisposing characteristics of the condition that could be linked to offending behaviour. Furthermore, the research highlighted the lack of training criminal justice professionals receive on how to recognise and appropriately deal with children on the spectrum. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for future research, and outlines the need for better intervention techniques within the criminal justice system.

What causes police officers to become cynical? Is there any dislocation between themes in literature on police cynicism, and police officers in contemporary society?

By Ben Hobbs, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The main aims of this dissertation were to use empirical and secondary qualitative research techniques to establish why police officers become cynical, and to investigate any dislocation between the themes elicited from police literature on the causes of cynicism, and the feelings expressed by contemporary police officers. The dissertation takes a post-modern position and rejects broad theories and typologies derived from some previous behavioural studies of police officers. The literature accessed highlighted the most prevalent causes of police cynicism to be shortfalls of management, boredom, vocation disappointment, the excessiveness of paperwork, the influence of colleagues, unity and solidarity, isolation from the public and a lack of relevant training. These themes were investigated in the methodology, which involved a semi-structured interview with the Assistant Chief Constable of ‘Westshire’ Police, a social survey of 16 police officers of which 13 were response constables and a focus group of 5 respondents.

‘A Critical Evaluation of the Sex Offender Treatment Programmes used in Prisons’

By Louise Belcher, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the effectiveness of Sex Offender Treatment Programmes (SOTPs) used in prisons. It aimed to achieve this by looking at the historical context, theoretical underpinnings, the aims and (unintended) consequences and the effectiveness of the SOTPs at fulfilling their aims. Secondary research was used in order to answer the research aims, allowing for a wide ranging analysis of the subject area. This research has found that the SOTPs were introduced as a result of the media attention, moral entrepreneurs and public anxiety surrounding sexual offenders. Due to this attention theories attempted to explain sexual offending. Research into rehabilitative approaches suggested that a cognitive-behavioural approach such as the SOTP was the most successful treatment measure for treating sex offenders. By looking into the programmes in more depth this research found that the effectiveness of the programmes was not as straight forward as had been originally perceived. By analysing the aims and (unintended) consequences of the SOTPs as well as the effectiveness of the programmes at fulfilling their aims, this research has shown that within the programmes there is evidence of positive professional practice as well as a reduction in reoffending of those who had completed the SOTP compared with offenders who had not. However, it has also found that there were many weaknesses within the measures used to assess the programmes effectiveness. Therefore, this dissertation has shown that there is a need for methods other that reconviction data to the measure the programmes effectiveness. It has also shown that more research is needed into whether the SOTP is more successful at treating certain types of sex offenders as well as research into whether targeting areas such as distorted thinking and victim empathy is effective at reducing sexual reoffending or that any other approach would be just as effective.

‘Women In Prison: A Review of the Current Female Prison System: Future Directions and Alternatives’

By Amanda Noblet, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

A review of relevant literature has indicated that women are sentenced inconsistently by the criminal justice system showing differences between harsh, equal or lenient treatment. This dissertation highlights that sending women to prison, who tend not commit serious crime and drawing a prison population who have the characteristics of economic and social deprivation, is completely unnecessary. It also highlights the penal institutions to which women are sentenced, are failing to provide for the specific needs of women or to equip them with ways to improve their future prospects. Whilst it is recognised that the government is aware of such problems, through the publication of the Corston Report (2007) and their subsequent response, radical shifts in sentencing policy and practices to restrict the numbers of women sent to prison are desperately needed. Considering the secondary research findings, a number of recommendations for future policy and practice have been made in four main areas; increasing the use of non-custodial penalties, a substantial reduction in custodial remand, reform of custody and increased diversion from prosecution.

An Evaluation of Sex Offender Treatment for Offenders Sentenced to Custody

By Lewis Evenden, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The intention of this dissertation was to examine the effectiveness of the prison based Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP). It considered the history and content of the programme before analysing existing evaluations of the treatment to draw recommendations for future research and practice. Secondary research was used throughout the paper allowing for the difficulties in accessing sex offenders and their environment to be overcome, but also it allowed for time and cost to be kept to an absolute minimum. Home Office studies were the main focus of the dissertation as they provided the most comprehensive results, although the analysis of these was also supplemented by psychology-based evaluations. The research identified that evaluating the effectiveness of sex offender treatment programmes was not straight forward and that it was mainly methodological issues, such as a low base rate when using reconviction data, which have prevented firm conclusions being drawn about the efficacy of the programme. Despite these issues many of the evaluative studies carried out on the SOTP suggested that the programme was insufficient in dealing with high risk offenders. Interestingly this dissertation also touches on the findings that, community provisions in dealing with this category of offender also seem to be inadequate, but without an effective method of testing the efficacy of these provisions, the findings of the studies should be treated with caution. The study also identified a number of areas for further consideration, which are outside the remit of this project, and a number of recommendations to try to improve the situation with regards to demonstrating the efficacy of the programme. These included longer follow up periods and the incorporation of treatment within the follow up contact in order to improve the programmes ability to deal with high risk offenders.

‘www.how-to-be-a-better-burglar.com’: An exploratory study of online burglary guides

By Matthew Durrant, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The Internet was originally designed to provide a means of information sharing, universal networking and communication in which it has excelled. However, the unforeseen costs of the globalization of a freely accessible environment that lacks any kind of appropriate formal control has eventually succumb to those who wish to exploit its relative vulnerability and naivety as a secure community. One example of this vulnerability is the ability people from all over the world are afforded to disclose information which may prove to be harmful to others. Some well documented examples of this we have seen in recent times are online terrorist representation and the disclosure of information such as that on bomb making, the use of the Internet by white racialist groups, pages which are perceived to promote anorexia and websites which provide information on and encourage suicide.

The Chemical Generation: A Critical Analysis of Medical ‘Expert’ Discourse and the Construction of Mental Illness

By Katie Ware, Student at the University of Central Lancashire, UK.

This dissertation is a critical analysis of medical ‘expert’ discourses about mental illness. The author makes reference to key texts from the medical establishment as well as critical criminology texts. She takes as her criminological starting point, critical criminologist Joe Sim’s argument that medication is used in prisons as a form of control rather than a form of therapy (1990). At the root of this practice is the underlying assumption of medical experts that deviancy can be detected like an illness and treated as such, which would in turn regulate crime. Her interest in Sim is due to the argument that the happenings within the Prison Medical System (PMS) are not that different from the happenings in the outside world’s medical establishments. With reference to drugs being used as a form of control within prisons, Ware explores whether these kinds of findings are pertinent in the surgeries of general practitioners, and whether a similar theory of control applies to the use of medication in individuals, especially children and teenagers, who are perceived to act outwith the social norm.

Private Security: In The Public Interest?

By Ian Messenger, Student at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

British society has undergone extensive changes over the latter half of the 20th Century. The decline in social capital and sense of community has brought great challenges to state policing through an ever-expanding range of demands placed upon them by its citizens. This decline has led to many informal social controls becoming ineffective and has led to citizens forsaking the concept of ‘community’ for individualism. This has led to a balkanisation in policing needs and has created an insatiable need for security that the public police struggle to meet. The question is how do we ease this pressure? The private security sector predates and now exists alongside the public police and may provide one solution in tackling the increasing demands for policing. The validity of the use of private sector personnel in policing will be studied, specifically in relation to the psychological effects of crime, more commonly known as the ‘fear of crime’. The negative impact of private sector involvement will also be examined with questions being asked as to whether the commodification of security is ultimately harmful to what is left of the collective. The central focus of this paper will conclude if private security serves the public interest by mitigating the effects of individualism or if it merely encourages them, and in what way (if any) this is different from the public police.

An Examination of How Changes in Policing Practices Have Affected Criminal Justice Discrimination Against Minority Ethnic Communities

By Daniella Narduzzo, Student in the Division of Criminology, Public Health and Policy Studies at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The increase in the number of people from different ethnic backgrounds and countries is one of the most significant changes in Britain. In the twenty-first century minority ethnic groups are still considered to be a problem in society, just like they have been throughout history. Subsequently, the relationship between the British police and ethnic minority communities has not been a happy one. This dissertation examines the extent to which changes in policing practices have affected criminal justice discrimination amongst British minority ethnic (BME) communities. The question of whether the police operate in a discriminatory way has recently been bought to attention since the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (1999). Using a library-based, documentary review, as a basis for critical research, this work attempts to investigate and analyse the size and scope of the problem between the police and BME communities, the changes that have occurred as a result and the difficulties faced by the police.

Juvenile Crime and Punishment in Bucharest, Romania: A Public Opinion Survey

By Alina Haines, PhD Research Student at the University of Huddersfield, UK.

This paper discusses results from a survey of public attitudes towards juvenile crime and the treatment of juvenile offenders in Romania. The study is based on research conducted as part of an MSc in Community Safety at Leicester University. Studies examining public opinion and crime are new to Romania – indeed, this survey represents the first attempt to explore such subjects. Results show that public opinion is inconsistent, with ambivalent attitudes about juvenile crime and sentencing; people concurrently favour retribution and tougher sentences for juvenile offenders, while supporting elements of restorative justice and non custodial penalties. Explanations for such contradictory views include inaccurate knowledge about juvenile crime, prejudices and distorted media reporting.

Talking about Terrorism: An Analysis of Official Canadian Insecurity Narratives in the Post-September 11 Context

By Mike Larsen, Department of Criminology, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Ottowa, Canada.

This study identifies the dominant characteristics of official Canadian state discourses on national security and terrorism in the post-September 11 context, using a content analysis methodology; identifies key themes and / or areas of incongruity in these discourses, and relates these findings to a broader discussion of contemporary Canadian national security policy and practice. Major themes of interest and key terms are identified through a review of the literature, and used as the basis for an analysis of twenty (20) samples of open-source official (federal government) Canadian discourse from the post-September 11 context. It is argued that state discourses about terrorism and security are a core component of national security campaigns, and that through the construction of insecurity narratives (constellations of discourse about a particular security threat), states effectively ‘do national security’. The study finds that the current Canadian insecurity narrative is characterized by themes of exceptionality, urgency, necessity, secrecy, and crisis – and consistent references to September 11 as a mobilizing event. The nature of this narrative is such that the current national security campaign is indeterminate in length, ambiguous in purpose, and expansionary in trajectory.

The Huntley Case: How Far Does It Tell Us That We Need To Compromise Personal Liberties For Public Security?

By Leanne Monchuk, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK.

The aim of the following literature review is to attempt to discover whether public protection outweighs civil liberties or vice versa. The murders of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells in 2002 threw this topic into the spotlight. Ian Huntley, in 2003, was convicted of their murders and this consequently launched the instigation of the Bichard Inquiry Report. The report was commissioned as Huntley was known to Humberside Police and prior to the murders had allegations of a sexual nature made against him. Key concepts presented in the review include Beck and ‘risk society’, Foucault’s ‘carceral society’ and the Utilitarianism and deontological concepts of liberty. Legislation such as the Human Rights Act 1998, the Data Protection Act 1998 and the introduction of ViSOR are made reference to, in an attempt to discover whether Huntley should have been closely monitored and not employed in a school. No definitive answers in this arena can be provided and many cases have specific and individual circumstances surrounding them. What has emerged however, from the extensive literature that has been collated, is that members of the public do fear the risks that are posed in today’s society and are therefore in favour of the implementation of systems such as the Violent and Sex Offenders Register (ViSOR) if it ensures the prevention of incidents such as the Soham murders from occurring again, and allowing someone like Huntley to ‘slip through the net’.

Factors in a Successful Use of the Insanity Defense

By Katie Conner, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA.

Little research has been conducted into the factors that impact the successful use of a not guilty by reason of insanity plea by a defendant in a murder case. This study addresses this issue by examining a number of factors including defendant, victim, and crime scene characteristics. Employing archival research, data were gathered from all murder and non-negligent homicide cases for the years 2000 and 2001 in which a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity was later entered for the defendant. Results indicate that specific factors of a defendant’s background, such as criminal and psychiatric history, are associated with impacting a successful not guilty by reason of insanity plea, as are characteristics that indicate planning and victimizing a child.

Using Panel Data to Characterise Prisoner and Demographic Age Characteristics

By Wee Lee Loh, Department of Statistics, Harvard University, USA.

Using panel data to study the macro-linkage between demographic and prisoner age characteristics this empirical paper investigates the relationship between age and the probability of being sentenced via an alternative framework. Fixed Effects GLS was used on both an unbalanced panel and a balanced subpanel data set. Both level and log transformed models were tested. Indeed, there is evidence that younger people are more than proportionately committed to the prisons. This result is only significant when the unbalanced panel is used. This exercise also illustrates the possible dangers of creating a balanced subpanel from an unbalanced data set.

The Drowned and The Saved: Identities of Resistance and Docility Amongst the Boys in a Young Offenders’ Institution

By Don Crewe, School of Criminology Education, Sociology, and Social Work, Keele University, UK.

This paper explores the relationship between identity and agency in a Young Offenders’ Institution, through an empirical study at HMYOI Werrington in Staffordshire. It contends that ‘docility’ can be an intentional strategy; a product of the possession of agency rather than of its absence as Foucault would argue. Resistance and docility are seen as negotiated strategies in the processes of surviving imprisonment, necessitating sophisticated strategies of discretion in the application of the regime by uniformed staff. Resistant behaviour is conventionally seen as an indication of failure to internalise the regime, and docility of success. I suggest that failure to internalise the regime constitutes genuine survival, and docility the converse. Using Levi’s metaphor, the drowned are the docile, the resistant the saved.

Problems Faced by the Criminal Justice System in Addressing Fraud Committed by Multinational Corporations

By Mohd Kassim Bin Noor Mohamed, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

This dissertation examines the problems faced by the criminal justice system when addressing fraud committed by multinational corporations (MNCs). As the recent scandals at Enron, Worldcom et al demonstrate, when MNCs commit fraud their offences eclipse every other form of crime in terms of the money drained from and harm done to national economies. Using a library-based, documentary review, as a basis for critical research, this work attempts to investigate and analyse the size and scope of the fraud problem, the difficulties faced by the enforcement agencies and the legislative challenges that hamper prosecution. There is an effort to present and discuss the socio-legal and criminological debates around the deviance of elites and the cost to social justice if these issues are not faced.

Fear of Crime in a Small Community

The paper engages with the “commonsense” notion, and that of Ezioni (1993), that fear of crime might be lower in a small relatively close-knit community. To that end it sets out to investigate people’s concerns about crime and to relate them to notions of community in The Cathedral Close in Lichfield (UK), where the researcher, serendipitously, was resident at the time of writing. The paper places fear of crime within a criminological paradigm and engages with the necessary limitations of that paradigm. It suggests that new extra-paradigmatic perspectives may be more illuminating of the concerns expressed by people about crime, and in this vein examines the perceived relationship between the concerns of the residents of The Close about crime and their perception of their place within that small community.

The Commodification of Violence on the Internet: An analysis of 166 websites containing commodified violence

By Samuel Slater, Student at Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The commodification of violence has occurred for centuries, even millenia. The simple fact is violence is a highly popular, entertaining and profitable commodity. Noramlly, however, various formal and informal controls regulate the amount and extremity of such violence that is consumed. With the advent of the internet, however, this has all changed. 'Bumfights', released in 2002 and only retailed online, is a poular 'underground' video that features graphic and dehumanising abuse of the homeless. This dissertation investigates the changed nature of the commodifcation of violence, with a content analysis of 166 websites containing such violence, to explore themes and trends in the online violence market.

Therapeutic Jurisdprudence and the Drug Courts

By Glenn Took, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Victoria University.

This thesis explores the contradictory nature of current penal practices and contends that through the implementation of drug courts based on the teachings of therapeutic jurisprudence, there has emerged within the justice system a hybrid program that sufficiently appeals to a widespread audience in the punishment milieu. In its hybridity the drug court is able to breach the apparent inertia of modern penal practices and offer a program that is therapeutically oriented but is still able to resonate with the sensibilities of the ‘tough on crime’ bandwagon. .

The Theory, Development and Application of Electronic Monitoring in Britain

By Jenny Ardley, Lecturer in Criminolgy, University of Derby; Associate - Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, UK.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a critical analysis of the issues surrounding the implementation of Electronic monitoring (EM). Curfew orders (CO) with EM have been available in Britain since July 1995, the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) since January 1999. It is vitally important that society does not accept without question new methods of punishment implemented by the government, especially when the use of sophisticated and modern technology is the main component.

Preparation for the Release of Life Sentenced Prisoners at HM Prison Sudbury

By Jenny Ardley, Lecturer in Criminology, University of Derby; Associate - Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, UK.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how HM Prison Sudbury prepares their life sentence prisoners for release with a particular consideration of risk assessment.

Belief or Prejudice: Christianity and Homosexuality

By Stephen Hammett, Birkbeck College, University of London.

This paper is an examination into whether claims by Christians about their beliefs regarding homosexuals & homosexuality are consistent religious beliefs or prejudice disguised as religious belief.

The Mafia, The Triads and the IRA: A Study of Criminal and Political Secret Societies

By Daniel Lydon, Department of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, UK.

The Sicilian Mafia, The Chinese Triads and The IRA are three secret societies that have evolved from rural peasant protection groups developed to fight back against oppressive feudal regimes. Through kinship (familial and fictive), violence and symbiotic relationships with officials, each group (often many groups operating under the umbrella label) grew in size and adopted hierarchical structures with clear igureheads: The Mafia’s ‘Capo de Tutti Capi’ (‘Boss Of Bosses’,’ Godfather’, ‘Don’), The Triads ‘Dragon Head’ (‘489’), and the IRA’s ‘Brigade Commander’. All aided governments throughout history in various conflicts and at other times revolted against them. The Sicilian Mafia and the Chinese Triads have both been partly responsible for overthrowing unpopular regimes in their native countries and have been forced to emigrate in vast numbers due to economic and political oppression. Both groups evolved into profit-orientated organisations.

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Introduction

We frequently prepare the list of recommended topics for our students seeking assignment writing services for different subjects. Our efforts remain to help students save their time and energy, which they occasionally spend over the search and selection of the right topic for their next assignment homework. In the subject of criminology, the students are expected to deliver a pile of assignments on a timely basis. Here, our effort is to help our students with a list of top 100 criminology dissertation topics to refer for the future assignment homework. The list has been prepared by the researchers of our agency after conducting thoughtful brainstorming sessions with the academicians of criminology. It helped us get a better insight about the topics trending in different types of criminology courses.

The field of criminology is known to offer different types of courses for students to pursue a degree of their choice. Some of the most popular courses shall include Certificate Course in Forensic Science, Diploma Course in Forensic Science and Criminology, Diploma Course in Cyber Crime, Bachelor Degree Course in Forensic Science and Criminology, Diploma in Criminal Law (D. Crin), Diploma in Criminology and Penology, Master’s Degree Course in Forensic Science and Criminology, Master of Science (M. Sci) in Criminology, Master’s Degree Course in Forensic Science and Criminology Research, Master of Arts (M. A.) in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Master of Legislative Law (LLM) in Criminal Law and Criminology, Master of Arts (M. A.) in Anti-Terrorism Law, Master of Legislative Law (LLM) in Crimes and Torts, Post Graduate Diploma Course in Forensic Science and Criminology, Master of Legislative Law (LLM) in Criminal Law, etc.

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There are certain reasons why we always encourage our students to take their degree in criminology very seriously. We suggest them to get online assignment help from a reliable criminology assignment writing agency to submit assignments that are worth getting awarded with high grades. The primary reason is the plethora of job opportunities that it can offer to the students in various job profiles. Some of the most prominent ones include being private detectives, crime scene analyst, crime investigators, crime laboratory analyst, forensic surgeon, forensic engineer, F. B. I. agents, crime intelligence analyst, police officers, law reform researcher, community corrections coordinator, regional crime prevention coordinator, drug policy advisor, consumer advocate, environment protection, etc.

The subject offers widespread scope of career opportunities to the students and following are the points that would help you understand the significance of sincerely pursuing this subject –

Career scope in the field of criminology: There are major job opportunities in the field of criminology.
The field is known to offer scientists, research assistants, forensic scientists, criminologists, as well as in the form of an investigator.
Once the students have finished a course in the field, they can choose job in different areas like Forensic Department, Research area, Police, Medical Hospitals, Court, C B I, F B I, Private Hospitals, Colleges, Crime Laboratories, Institutions, Prison Reforms Programs, MNCs (legal matters) and several others.
One may be an academician or professor in an institution, college, or the university or as a self-practising professional in the field of legal study or the judiciary.

That is why, we advise you to throw any misconception out of the window that once your pass with a quality degree in the field of criminology, you might struggle with the dearth of career opportunities. The field of criminology has plenty to offer and all you are required to do is excel in your course with concrete practical exposure and solid grades.

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The rights to vote for prisoners: The arguments for and against on the grounds of the legal and ethical aspects of the situation
Investigate different cases of domestic violence and conduct a comparative study of victimology
The causes and rates of arsons in schools and what are the evident and concealed reasons for such a violent behaviour by juveniles?
The serial killers phenomena: How are the predisposing factors like role of peers, family relations and the surrounding environment influence the same?
Community policemen and their efficient role in preventing and solving crimes
The influence of domestic violence on the mental health of women. Make a comparative study about the situation in Western and Asian countries
How the modern Internet technologies are inducing the frequency of suicides?
Police brutality and tortures in the developing countries and their present and future ramifications
Cyber crimes in the modern world: Effective ways to detect and the approaches to deal with them
Is police empowerment the only way to curtail the crime rates in developing nations: Comment
What are the measures that can be taken to ensure the safety of minority community in a country? Make an assessment in terms of criminology literature
How illegal immigration contributed to crime within a state? Discuss it with the example of a country of your choice
What are the implications of the political backing for the smooth running of criminal activities?
Discuss the role of community structures and architectural design of the residential buildings in the prevention of crime. Provide a qualitative review
Discuss the relevance of the socio-cultural background of a residential community in the quality and quantity of the crimes taking place in the region
How the commitment to crime changes in the region with respect to the alteration in the seasons and geography?
Conduct a study on the exposure of the students to drugs and how it is adversely affecting the overall population of the youth?
‘The birds of feather flock together’- Conduct an assessment of the criminal social communities in the United Kingdom through literature based evidence
Discuss the relationship between crime and unemployment on the grounds of quantitative data. Conduct the study on the grounds of the academic qualification, individual activities and the tenure of employment
Who actually benefit out of crime prevention? Make a study on the direct and the indirect benefactors
Does alleviation of poverty actually reduces crime? Give a qualitative review
What are the social and financial implications of crime deterrence? Provide an extended literature review on any American state of your choice
White-collar employees and corporate crime- Assessing the mindset for the ‘cleaner’ sorts of crime
The prominent characteristics of the deployment of police personnel at the hot spots of crime in the UK
Is there a role of childhood experiences in the engagement of criminal activities in the adolescents? Give a qualitative review
The application of biotechnology and the digital environments for the management of crime in the country of your choice
Is there a feasibility of crime forecasting? Discuss about the development of a logical rationale
Discuss the history of gender related crime in an Asian country of your choice
Is it true that all the entrapped people are doomed forever to a life of crime? Write an essay on the basis of mixed methods evidence
Is marriage helpful to deter crime? Make an evaluation of the current literature
Elaborate the role of the behavioural genetic studies in the field of criminology
Women and criminology: A case analysis
The academic framework and training necessities of criminologists in the United States
An evaluation of the reasons why terrorists a few times turn away from their extremist groups
Discuss some of the most successful research methods in the field of criminology
What role does the religion plays in the endorsement of global extremism?
Provide an analytical justification for a gradual decline in the prison populations across Europe
How does the political leanings of the professors in universities influence the students to commit crime due to political ideologies?
Bringing concealed weapons to the campus: How does the trend putting the lives of the students in danger across the US?
The context of capital punishment with respect to the age of the convict: Prepare a literature on criminology studies
How does the forensic psychology helps in the study of criminology?
Offer a research review of the legislation passed on stalking and how it impacted the cases of stalking?
Mental health of the sex offenders: A global viewpoint
How does the neighbourhood topography motivate crimes?
A literature review on the kinds of crimes that are specific to each gender
The trends and implications of criminology in the era of globalization
Street crime- Who actually owns the responsibility?
The criminal policies in the UK and the US: A comparative study
How modern policing strategies have helped endorse the war against drugs?
Sexual violence in the form of a weapon in armed conflict: A case study
Marginalization, discrimination and persecution of religious minorities in Pakistan
Elaborate the impact of the genocidal acts in community cohesiveness
How corruption impacts the social, political, security and economy of a country?
What is the motivation for women to join ISIS?
A critical assessment of how the US government is responding to the threats posed by cyber criminals
What is the relationship between racial stereotyping and crime?
How do the consumption of drugs and alcohol influence sexual assaults?
LGBT and participation in crime: Understanding the social factors contributing to the same
A discourse assessment on how COVID-19 has shaped the context of crime
Understanding the role of technology in promoting the rate of crime
What essential role does rehabilitation centres play in curbing the vicious circle of crime?
How the breeding grounds for crime are different in urban and rural settings?
Discuss the significance of cybercrime legislation and its place in successfully maintaining law and order
Make a critical assessment of bullying in school v/s crime
A critical examination of police force brutality in the United States
A detailed examination of the history of crime that passes through generations
How religious fanaticism is the root cause of terrorism?
Are crimes done during diseases or natural disasters excusable in contrast to normal circumstances?
Men too are the victims of domestic violence: A case study
Is immigration does have a connection with the increased rate of crime within the region?
What are the contributing factors in the formation of a serial killer? Do genetics play a role in it, the influence of society plays a role in it, or both?
Is it possible to achieve a crime free society? Discuss the possibility or non-possibility of the same
Is our education system somehow lagging in its goals of shaping good moral characteristics of our students? Comment
How internal militia uprisings are linked with political turmoil within a region or state?
Please elaborate the thin line of difference between criminology and law enforcement
How important is the role of parental supervision in curtailing the rate of crime committed by the teenagers?
What are the contributing factors that result in the formation and rise of the youth gangs in a concerned society of a less developed nation?
Gun control laws v/s the fundamental rights of the citizens: How the Americans find themselves divided between past, present and future?
What kind of role can the schools and the community play in successfully preventing the cases of child abuse?
The evolution of counterfeiting with the advancement in the field of technologies
How does the racial abuse of international students traduce the reputation of a country in front of global education community?
Can forced labour truly play the role of a deterrent for the detainees and help ensure a better way of correction for them? Comment
Is the representation of terrorism by media an exaggeration?
Is the culture a key of shaping the moral standards of citizens and leading to a better society?
Can abortion be labelled under the classification of crime? Discuss and elaborate
Discuss the cases of honour killings in some of the countries of South-Asia. How stringent laws helped the law enforcement and judicial bodies to keep a check on such cases?
How the parental separation results in the future course of violence?
Were the campaigns of Black Lives Matter (BLM) marred by violence rather than goal of upholding justice?
The unseen world of male rape in the society we are living right now
The usage of social media to fuel crimes against children
Lenient bail terms for harsh crimes reflect the weakness of the judicial structure. Comment
How Islamic charities are steadily becoming a major source of terrorist financing?
How justifiable is the media trial? How it can make the life of an accused far worse than actual sentencing?
How human trafficking plays a key role in the practice of beggary in the urban states?
The rising tide of feminism and increased rate of crime with impunity against males. Comment
How the regulation of prostitution can actually help reduce sex related crimes?
Discuss how digitization of the public services helping to combat corruption in India?
How police reforms are essential to make the law enforcement well equipped to combat criminal activities?
Is animal trafficking a prime cause of the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic in China? Provide an elaborative case study
Discuss the history of organised crime practised by Russian mafia. Give a comparative context of it with the practices of Italian mafia

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Dissertation - Rehabilitation of Drug Addicted Offenders in Prison

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Prison Based Drug Rehabilitation, A Critical Evaluation.

A Literature Based Study

Name: Jordan Buck

Student Number: 19007522

Dissertation Supervisor: Malcolm Cumberbatch

I confirm that this is my own work and that all sources used have been fully acknowledged

and referenced in the prescribed manner.

Signed ______________ NAME

CURRENT DATE:

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the effectiveness of prison based treatment available to drug offenders. Taking into consideration the evolution of UK policy which helped shaped the current treatment models and conducting analysis of the accredited programmes it was possible to draw recommendations for future research regarding efficacy and implementation. This dissertation takes focus on secondary research as a means of ethically gaining access to the prison and drug treatment environment. Taking into account Home Office reports, what works literature and various journals a comprehensive analysis was achievable, even given the low number of studies available in UK prisons. This research raises a number of key findings identifying failings in regards to implementation of accredited programmes due to conflicting ideologies in terms of effective treatment and lack of responsibility for treatment outcome and difficulties gaining access to treatment as well as critically evaluating the reports which praise their efficacy. Upon evaluation of the reports methodological and theoretical concerns are raised providing where possible solutions to practical constraints of the treatment programmes and highlighting the need for future randomized control trials evaluating the efficacy of the accredited drug programs further.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

&quot;The prevalence of drug use among convicted offenders, particularly Class A substances, is far higher than in the general population.&quot; - British Crime Survey. With an estimated 400,469 'problem drug users' in the United Kingdom (EMCDD, 2011) and 69% of arrestees testing positive for 'one or more of six illicit drug types' (Holloway &amp; Bennett. 2004: 10) it is clear that there is a definitive link between drug use and crime. Whether drug use results in crime or vice versa it is undeniable that higher levels of crime are committed by those using drugs; resultantly something must be done to prevent this crime trend continuing.

The crimes committed by problem drug users and the cost of their treatment exceeds £10,000 per year with estimated social costs of £35,000 per year (Godfrey et al, 2002)this increase in problematic drug use has resulted in considerable concern over the efficacy of treatment available to drug addicted offenders as it potentially could have potentially significant effects on reducing drug related crime.

Further reasons for research in this area includes the fact that prison drug treatment is a largely under researched area, with agencies such as the Rehabilitation of Addicted Prisoners Trust raising concerns over this lack of research stating that there is a need for 'robust monitoring and evaluation of drug treatment programmes in prison' (RAPt, 2011).

1 Aims of Research

The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of drug treatment available to drug addicted offenders in prison in the UK. Conducting secondary data analysis to determine how effective prison drug treatment programmesare and evaluate the constraints which have a negative impact on treatment efficacy. Focusing on the ineffective elements of the programmes this dissertation will bring to attention issues of concern in regards to the accredited programmes. Drawing upon the discovered limitations of the prison treatment the dissertation will produce recommendations in regards to future research and implementation.

Chapter 2- Methodology

2 Justification of Secondary Analysis

An initial thought in regards to the research of this project was to acquire primary data relating to the treatment of problem drug offenders in prison. However, serious ethical and methodological issues arose following this proposition in regards to the requirement of collecting information from either potentially vulnerable or violent offenders threatening the safety of the researcher and raising ethical issues or gaining access to both prisoners and the high profile prison workers themselves. Much of the literature emphasises the importance of ethics when conducting research (Denscombe, 2010; May, 2001; Bryman, 2001; Neuman, 2003) to name a few. Resultantly ethical guidelines must be adhered to, to provide a high quality piece of research, ethical guidelines are available in the British Society of Criminology's Code of Ethics for Researchers in the Field of Criminology as well as the 'Social Research Association's' A Code of Practice for the Safety of Social Researchers' outlining ethical considerations when conducting research. Analysis of these guidelines makes it apparent that an ethics committee, viewing the proposed primary research would express concern towards the safety of the researcher due to contact with potentially dangerous inmates as well as ethical concerns should the inmate reveal information unknown to prison or police services in the course of the interview. This is due to the general agreement that participants shouldn't suffer as a result of their involvement in a piece of research (Denscombe, 2010: 331) however morality would dictate that the information be passed on to the relevant bodies, this moral dilemma could have unforeseen negative consequence on the researchers psychological state.

Secondary analysis also offers a solution to various methodological downfalls of primary research, including the fact that qualitative data requires coding and writing of analytic memos adding a lot of time to the research as both are &quot;labour intensive and time intensive efforts&quot; (Neuman, 2003: 539), something which is not entirely necessary given the rich body of official statistics and Home Office reports available on the topic area. This will allow more time to be attributed to exploration of key critiques of drug treatment in prisons.

If ethical and methodological issues were not an issue research would take a qualitative approach interviewing both drug abusing inmates and staff who administer treatment to

disadvantage of 'data overload' (Denscombe, 2010: 269) or 'lack of familiarity with data' (Bryman, 2001: 205), which state that despite large volumes of data being an apparent advantage it can also work as a disadvantage due to the complexity of the data and number of variables, in Denscombe's (2010: 269) words &quot;the researcher can get swamped&quot;. The presence of data overload and lack of familiarity with data could consequently lead to the misinterpretation of data, difficulty in finding relevant information or researcher bias (Denscombe, 2010; Bryman, 2001; Neuman, 2003).

2 Conclusions.

Despite secondary analysis's disadvantages it offers an alternative approach overcoming the ethical and methodological issues associated with primary research whilst still retaining academic integrity allowing a sound research project to be conducted. By carefully selecting academic sources and statistics and assessing their credibility and validity it is possible to construct a high quality piece of research.

Chapter 3 -Drug Addiction and the Evolution of UK Drug Policy

3 Introduction.

October 1992 saw the introduction of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, highlighting the beginning of Britain's shift from punishment based on 'just deserts' and 'punishment in the community' towards a more rehabilitative 'harm reduction' model specifically tailored towards the treatment of drug offenders (Collinson, 1993). This ideology has been at the forefront of the treatment of drug offenders ever since, more recently shown in the present coalition governments drug strategy &quot;Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life&quot; (NHS, 2011).

The years following this shift from a punitive to rehabilitative treatment of drug users / offenders saw a number of changes in drug use and abuse statistics. First time drug misuse seems to be decreasing as evidenced by Eastwood, 2011 stating &quot;there has been an overall decline in the proportion of pupils who reported ever having taken drugs from 29% in 2001 to 18% in 2010&quot; similarly overall drug use has seemingly steadily declined (see appendix 5). Interestingly however the number of drug related hospital admissions are on the rise for both related mental health issues (see appendix 1) and poisoning by drugs (see appendix 2), as

well as this drug related deaths are also on the increase with 831 drug related deaths reported in 1993 this figure has now more than doubled totalling 1784 in 2010 (see appendix 3).

These statistics lead to an interesting prognosis, that whilst overall drug use is declining, problem drug use is on the increase, causing harm to society both medically and socially. This hypothesis also leads to the debate that policy taking a rehabilitative attitude towards drug offenders does not provide sufficient deterrence, that those problem drug users see British policy as 'soft on drugs' therefore leading them to engage in drug taking with a feeling of impunity.

3 Drug Addiction, a Matter of Choice?

Current drug policy and treatment focuses on the premise that drug addiction can be categorically defined and treated much like an illness. Although contemporarily unpopular there is also the view that drug addiction is a choice, the first step in understanding and shaping drug treatment and consequently reduce drug crime is to understand drug addiction itself. Mosby's Medical Dictionary (2008) defines drug addiction as;

&quot;A condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking a drug to which one has become habituated through repeated consumption because it produces a particular effect, usually an alteration of mental status. Addiction is usually accompanied by a compulsion to obtain the drug, a tendency to increase the dose, a psychological or physical dependence, and detrimental consequences for the individual and society. Common addictive drugs are barbiturates, alcohol, and morphine and other opioids, especially heroin, which has slightly greater euphoric properties than other opium derivatives.&quot;

Scientists, social science researchers and psychologists vary in their views of drug addiction, that is whether drug addiction is a choice or an illness. Drug addiction as an illness / disease is the more popular of the two concepts shaping British drug policy and treatment, Leshner (1997) states that drugs have a physical effect on the structure of the brain with prolonged use and therefore can be regarded as a brain disease, further stating that during early stages of drug use the behaviour is voluntary however with prolonged use inevitably leads to &quot;compulsive drug seeking and use&quot; due to physical dependency. Further supporting the notion of drug addiction as an illness McLellan et al (2000) state that “drug dependence should be insured, treated and evaluated like other chronic illnesses” further stating that not

(Heyman, 2009: 18)

3- History and Development of UK Drug Policy

The same aforementioned predicament can be seen deep rooted in the history of UK drug policy over the last century and the resultant treatment of drug offenders;

The earliest traces of 'treatment' of drug offenders can be dated back to the Rolleston Committee Report, 1926 which arose as a response to the growing social problem of doctors &quot;who prescribed large amounts of drugs for patient-addicts&quot; this created somewhat of a moral panic sensationalised in the media and ultimately lead to the growing support and development of the 'disease model' of addiction(Parssinen, 1983: 183). The report also concluded, as is still recognised in today's policy and treatment that drug addiction is unique and 'must be treated individually' (Parssinen, 1983: 193). The report is the first of a growing body of literature concluding &quot;the condition must be regarded as a manifestation of disease and not a mere form of vicious indulgence&quot; (Rolleston, 1926). Treating addiction like a disease the report states drug addicts may &quot;justifiable be maintained on non-diminishing doses of morphine or heroin&quot; (Parssinen, 1983: 193), and this is something which has remained popular throughout history.

Seemingly this psychopharmacological understanding of drugs, that links violence and anti- social behaviour directly to the chemical properties of drugs (Goldstein, 1985: 3) is a long established theory in that early treatment of drug users focussed on 'maintaining' drug users as stated in Goldstein's tripartite conceptual framework literature &quot;violent crime would be much less prevalent if all habitual criminals were addicts who could obtain sufficient morphine or heroin to keep themselves fully charged with one of these drugs at all times&quot; (Goldstein, 1985: 3 cited: Kolb, 1925: 78)

Seemingly this approach of 'maintaining' drug users worked until the late 1950's which saw rise to a 'new drug epidemic' which in turn led to the establishment of the 'interdepartmental committee on drug addiction' the first visible step towards creating a national drug body providing evidence based solutions to drug based crime (Yates, 2002). Responding to this rise of a &quot;new culture of intoxication&quot; (Gyngell et al, 2006) attributed to the increase in known heroin users from 1959-1964 (Brain et al, 1965) the Brain Report, 1961 made

recommendations approving the findings of the Rolleston Committee Report, 1926 championing treatment through 'limiting supply' and maintaining that 'prescription drug supply' was the best means of treatment (Brain et al, 1961).

The second Brain Report, 1965 however criticised the prescriptions of cocaine and heroin to drug addicts by doctors as a result of the over-prescription of the drugs by a small number of doctors (Shipman, 2004: 50). The Second Brain Report, 1965 further states that the prescription of heroin and cocaine should be limited to doctors staffing specialist treatment centres (Shipman, 2004: 51), this marked the dissolution of the 'British System' of opiate prescription (Yates, 2002).

Responding to the findings of the Brain Reports policy shifted towards the prohibition of drugs, reducing supply and providing deterrence, this is seen in the introduction of the Dangerous Drugs Act (1964) implementing the Brain Report's suggestion of limiting prescription, as well as further punishment and deterrence in the introduction of possession offences for a variety of substances (Home Office, 1965). As well as the Dangerous Drugs Act (1964) the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) was also introduced further increasing the deterrent and punitive 'prohibition agenda', this act created the 'ABC' drug classifications ranking drugs by their supposed harm as well as introducing the offence 'possession with intent to supply' (Home Office, 1971). This restriction of drug control combined with the introduction of drug dependency unit's highlight Britain's focus on &quot;public health priorities in the treatment of drug abuse&quot; protecting the public from the proposed harm of drugs (Gillam et al, 1992).

The beginning of the 1970s saw significant changes in drug policy around the globe, President Nixon in the USA declared a global 'war on drugs' recognizing &quot;the need for vastly expanded treatment facilities for existing addicts&quot; (Weimer, 2003). Setting the stage for other countries to follow suit the 'war on drugs' helped shape policy globally implementing additional policies strengthening prohibition as seen in the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 which brought together the unclear assortment of UK drug laws (Yates, 2002).

By the mid 1970's a new UK 'drug crisis' was in the making, similarly to what was happening in America at the same time, and influencing the 'war on drugs' heroin use was becoming much more prominent in the UK with an increase in black market Chinese heroin (Drugscope website, 2012) clear uncertainty and lack of a unified drug treatment approach Hall (1995) states, following the aftermath of such moral panic &quot; the plain truth of the matter is that there is no British System&quot;. This uncertainty in British Policy combined with a

demonstrated in the string of policy implemented in the dawn of the new millennium; the Anti-Social Behaviour Order Act (2003) allowing the closure of premises where drugs are a problem, the Criminal Justice Act (2003) introducing the 'Drug Rehabilitation Requirement', a community order coercing drug offenders into treatment (Replacing DTTO's) and the Drugs Act (2005) allowing intervention orders to be attached to anti-social behaviour orders where behaviour is drug related.

This string of legislation arose as government findings showed in their 'Arrestee Survey' that 52% of arrestees reported drug use in the last month as well as further reports pertaining the cost-effectiveness of treatment (£1 spent on drug treatment, £9 saved on crime and health) in a contemporary society where cost matters (HM Government, 2008). This has led to an increasingly treatment based handling of drug offenders advocating the use of psychosocial approaches to offender rehabilitation including behavioural therapy and counselling administered through the Drugs Intervention Programme which is a part of the 'tough choices initiative' providing community treatment orders as a viable alternative to imprisonment (HM Government, 2008). Furthermore the government's showed commitment to the treatment of drugs in prison using these methods in the 1999/2000 spending review attributing £22 million towards treatment and aftercare for drug users in prison (Harman &amp;Paylor, 2005: 1).

These themes are maintained in the current UK drug policy 'Restricting Supply and Building Recovery Supporting People to Live a Drug Free Life' with a predominant much increased focus on the promotion of &quot;recovery of drug users within the communities.&quot; (Home Office, 2010) which again champions the use of Drug Rehabilitation Requirements as its 'flagship' treatment for problem drug offenders placing emphasis on &quot;providing a more holistic approach&quot; addressing issues such as 'offending, employment and housing' (Home Office, 2010).

The historical context of UK drug policy highlights the ever changing landscape of attitudes, treatment and theories surrounding drug addiction and drug related offences, this has led to considerable changes in how drug offenders are treated. This has all resulted in the implementation of various accredited programmes, interventions and treatments for problem drug offenders at various stages of the criminal justice system. It must be considered that drugs and its links to crime are complex and resultantly there is no one universal treatment that is a 'quick fix' solution however there is promise in the recently conceptualised behavioural approaches as seen in the policy implemented throughout the 2000's.

As evidenced by the above development of policy it can clearly be seen that there is a recognisable focus on treatment in the community, but what of those 69% of offenders entering prison who are drug users (Patel, 2010) what hope do they have of rehabilitation? This research aims to explore that exact question.

Chapter 4 - Drug Addicted Offenders In Custody

4 Treatment of Drug Addicted Offenders in Custody:

4 Current Treatment for Drug Addicted Offenders in Custody

As mentioned in the evolution of policy section UK drug policy has made a real shift towards evidence based, rehabilitation of drug offenders throughout the criminal justice system, the introduction of various acts; notably the Drugs Act (2005), Criminal Justice and Court Services Act (2000) and the Criminal Justice Act (2003) paved the way for getting drug users into treatment both in the community and in prison. This is done via the Drug Intervention Programme, a programme providing a cross-partnership between the criminal justice system, healthcare agencies and drug treatment services. The Drug Intervention Programme is designed to engage 'drug dependent persons who are not yet in treatment' with motivation towards entering treatment (UNODC, 2009: 4) and in doing so reaching some of the hardest to reach problem drug users at every stage in the criminal justice system, from arrest to sentencing to re-settlement in the community (Home Office, 2012: 7). Problems arise however in that by offering such coercion the offender is left with no choice but to take treatment as is the case in the 'Tough Choices' program. Besides the higher chance of failure for offenders not wanting treatment, it is also argued that long term treatment of drug use disorders without consent breaches the offenders human rights and raises other ethical issues and medical issues (UNODC &amp; WHO, 2008).

The drugs intervention programme is carried out by the 'Integrated Drug Treatment System', a joint service of the Home Office, Department of Health, Ministry of Justice and National Offender Management Service (Ministry of Justice, 2010). The system aims to bring

Importance of evaluation:

Numerous reasons exist to evaluate the efficacy of drug treatment available for drug addicted offenders in prison. The drug intervention programme and integrated drug treatment system aim to reach the hardest to reach drug offenders and provide them with treatment and support in aim to reduce crime and relapse rates amongst those treated through the use of evidence based, accredited programmes (Ministry of Justice, 2010: Home Office, 2007). Subsequently, drug offenders who entered the prison system, were treated through an accredited programme, completed the programme and were released into the public are done so under the assumption that their risk of offending has substantially decreased (Spurr, 2010). If however these accredited programmes are not working as effectively as thought, then high risk prisoners are potentially being released into the public under presumption that they are of low risk with potentially devastating effects to the community in regards to public safety.

4 Qualifying for treatment:

Within the first 24 hours of entering custody drug addicted offenders will meet with CARAT worker who will perform a 'Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessment' as well as providing an initial care plan, coordinating drug treatments with other 'wraparound' services and providing weekly sessions (NOMS, 2006). Following this 'comprehensive substance misuse assessment' in which the needs and risks of the offender are assessed the care plan, in agreement with the offender is created.

Before the offender can be assigned to any accredited programme a 28 day 'psychosocial intervention' consisting of small group based therapy must be completed. This 'psychosocial intervention' highlights the key features to both safety and reducing recidivism rates such as harm reduction techniques i. safer injecting as well as cognitive based skills learning i. learning relapse prevention techniques, having a better understanding of cravings (NOMS, 2006). The 'psychosocial intervention' aims to; &quot;Complement clinical interventions take into account previous treatment in the community or custody and provide a platform for longer- term drug treatment on release&quot; (Department of Health, 2006: 34). 4 Programmes Available:

Taking into account results from the 'comprehensive substance misuse assessment' prisoners are referred to the programmes as previously mentioned through CARAT's based on their risk and need, this approach of individual treatment requirements highlights an important role of the rehabilitation process in prison (Patel, 2010). Programme involvement is voluntary requiring agreement with the CARAT worker during the psychosocial intervention, however offenders are often coerced into treatment. Issues regarding the effectiveness of coerced treatment are raised by many researchers notably(Stover &amp;Michels, 2010: UNODC, 2010, Seddon, 2007) all leading to similar conclusions in regards to concerns over ethicality, and effectiveness due to unwillingness to participate, as UNODC, (2010: 10) state &quot;personal engagement and emotional involvement are essential&quot;.

Upon completion of the 28 day 'psychosocial intervention' drug addicted offenders in prison gain access to the accredited programmes in line with their care plan recommended by their CARAT case worker. The accredited programmes for drug rehabilitation are as follows;

4.4 Cognitive Behavioural Programmes

Cognitive behavioural therapy based programmes are one of the most popular seen in UK prisons and there are several adaptions, one such programme is the 'Short Duration Programme' (SDP), a structured 4 week intervention over a 4 week period specifically designed for short stay prisoners. The SDP focusses on harm minimisation, relapse prevention and providing coping techniques for difficult situations and cravings and ending with a 'post programme review' evaluating progress and referring to further treatment if identified as needed (Ministry of Justice, 2012).

There is also the 'Prison - Addressing Substance Related Offending' (P-ASRO) programme, comprising of a low to medium intensity cognitive behavioural programme offering twenty sessions over a six week period (Spurr, 2010). P-ASRO focusses on the cognitive behavioural aspect of treatment designed to assist prisoners to address their drug use and related offending through the gaining of enhanced skills, thinking patterns and coping mechanisms required to stop drug misuse (CSAP, 2006). P-ASRO does this by providing individual 'key work sessions' followed by a 'post programme' evaluating whether the offender requires further support or treatment on completion (Ministry of Justice, 2012).

A higher intensity programme is offered in the 'Focus - Substance Misuse Programme' (FOCUS) again using cognitive behavioural ideology assists prisoners in addressing the

Chapter 5 - Evaluation of Available Treatments - The Evidence.

5 Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioural Programmes

As demonstrated in the previously stated evolution of UK drug policy, the percussions of the 'what works' initiative saw rise to the use of evidence based, cognitive behavioural therapy, therapeutic communities and drug maintenance. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) refers to the psychotherapeutic approach to treatment addressing emotions and behavioural issues through a goal-oriented, systematic approach (Lambert, Bergin &amp; Garfield, 2004).

CBT provides the basis for the three out of five of the major accredited programmes operating in contemporary prisons they are; 'Prison - Addressing Substance Related Offending (PASRO)', ' FOCUS Substance Misuse Programme' and finally the 'Short Duration Programme (SDP)'. The aforementioned treatments provide treatment mainly based on the principles of Burgess &amp;Atkers (1996) social learning theory, accrediting responsibility of problem drug use as a 'product of prior experiences, thoughts and emotions', therefore CBT is designed to provide offenders with different ways to perceive situations in which drug taking or drug related crime may arise, and subsequently modify their actions (HM Prison Service, 2003).

To understand whether treatment of drug addicted offenders in prison is effective it is only natural to first question the efficacy of CBT as it forms the basis for the majority of accredited programmes available to drug addicted offenders in prison.

CBT was originally developed as a means of intervention to prevent relapses in individuals receiving treatment for alcohol use disorders (Chaney, O'Learey&amp;Marlatt, 1978), since then much research has been conducted in regards to their efficiency in treating drug addicted individuals, notably Carroll 1996 concluding that CBT in drug addicted offenders appeared to be effective when compared to a no treatment group, comparison to other treatment

methods however saw the conclusion change to being no more effective than other available methods.

More recently Magill &amp; Ray (2009) conducted a meta-analysis into the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy in drug addicted individuals noting a small but significant effect increase in relapse prevention, however also noting that in their results the CBTs diminishing effects over time, this highlights the need for effective aftercare following CBT treatment, a theme which will be later discussed. Possible reasons for this reduction in effectiveness over time, when considered in the context of delivering drug rehabilitation treatment in prison could lie in the environmental factors. Irvin et al (1999) states that individuals receiving treatment in an inpatient setting may not be provided with real-life opportunities to put their cognitive behavioural skills into practice, thus when released into the community and no longer having the support of treatment professionals, offenders may fall back to their old habits and be tempted into relapse. Further studies into the efficacy of cognitive behavioural based programmes are seen in the work of Crane &amp;Blud (2012) evaluating the efficacy of the P- ASRO programme, concluding that post treatment prisoners were less impulsive, gained increased problem solving skills and became all together more controlled and motivated in their approach to drug treatment, all factors which will help reduce addiction and relapse prevention.

Furthermore Carroll (1999) states that there are five determinants of substance use, pointing to social, environmental, emotional, cognitive and physical factors;

Social factors refer to with whom the drug user spends the majority of their time and the effect they have upon the user, in the context of a prison setting there are potentially positive and negative effects in regards to these factors. Advantages will likely be seen in community based prison treatments such as 12-step programmes and therapeutic communities in which a drug free, rehabilitation focussed sub-community is created, if however the drug addicted offender is surrounded by 'coerced' drug addicted offenders who are not willing to receive treatment, rehabilitation in this environment social learning theory would dictate offers little to no chance of reduction of drug taking and recidivism due to the abundance or drugs in prison combined with their normalisation due to the sheer amount of drug offenders contained in one spot.

Carroll (1999) also points to environmental factors which affect the likelihood of engaging in drug use, this includes money, alcohol use, time of day and local neighbourhood, by placing the drug addicted offender in prison to receive treatment these environmental factors would be removed, this Carroll (1999) states would increase the chances of cognitive behavioural

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Module : types of crime (such as cyber crime, violent crime, drug-related crime)

University : sheffield hallam university.

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